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Chapter 1
Alcamo's Microbiology
80
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
09/19/2010

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Term
Genome
Definition
the composlte set of genetic information ina cell organism, or virus
Term
Biomass
Definition
the total weight of living organisms within a defined environment
Term
Microbiology
Definition
the science that embraces a biological diverse group of usually small life forms, encompassing primarily microorganisms and viruses
Term
Microorganisms
Definition
bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa
Term
Microbiota
Definition
the population of microorganisms that colonize various parts of the human body and do not cause disease in a healthy individual
Term
Pathogen
Definition
disease causing agents
Term
Convex
Definition
referring to the surface that curves outward
Term
Zacharias Janssen
Definition
Dutch spectacle maker in 17th century, discovered that two convex lenses put together would make small objects look larger
Term
Francesco Stelluti or Francesco Faber
Definition
this new invention as
“microscopio” or “microscope” was created in 1625 by
Term
Robert Hook
Definition
the first to use the microscope and make observations. In 1665, the Royal Society published his micrographia which included descriptions of microscopes and hand drawn illustrations of what he saw. He used anatomy of insects and structure of cork to make his discovery of cella or “cells” because they looked like a bunch of boxes. His book was influential in inspiring others to make their own observations
Term
Atony van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
tradesman in Holland, uses hand lenses to inspect the quality of the cloth he was purchasing and eventually became a skilled lens grinder and created the “simple microscope”
-in 1674, he took a sample from cloudy marsh water and a sample from his mouth, and found what he called “animalcules” swimming
Term
Spontaneous Generation
Definition
the doctrine that nonliving matter could spontaneously give rise to living things
-common people believed that decomposing wheat grains could generate wormlike maggots and slime produced toads
Term
Francesco Redi
Definition
performed the first controlled biological experiment to see if maggots could arise from rotting meat. In 1668, he covered some jars of rotting meat with paper or gauze, thereby preventing the flies from entering, while leaving other jars uncovered. The outcome came to be that since the flies could not lay their invisible eggs on the meat that no maggots appeared.
Term
Contagious
Definition
capable of being transmitted between individuals through contact
Term
Miasma
Definition
an ill-defined idea of the 1700s and 1800s that suggested diseases were caused by an altered chemical quality of the atmosphere
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
the scientific study from which the source, cause, and mode of transmission of disease can be identified
Term
Ignaz Semmelweis
Definition
an obstetrician who was trying to figure out why so many women were dying of child-bed fever (a type of blood poisoning) during labor. He observed the correlation between the medical students and the midwives and more women died when medical students were handling their childbirth (29%) compared to the (3%). Therefore, he realized that there must be involvement between the medical students and the fever. He soon discovered that it was coming from the medical students working on autopsies on cadavers without washing their hands before entering maternity ward. As a result, he made his staff was their hands in chlorine water before entering maternity and less women died from this change.
Term
John Snow
Definition
wanted to find out why there was such a outbreak of Cholera in the streets of London in 1854, so he interviewed both sick and healthy people and plotted their locations on a map and he saw the correlation that the sick people lived near a sewage contaminated water pump where the locals received their water. He requested that the pump be removed and after that the spread of the disease was over.
Term
Variolation
Definition
a 14th – 18th century method to inoculate a susceptible person with material from a smallpox vesicle to render that person resistant to infection
Term
Vaccination
Definition
inoculation with weakened or dead microbes or viruses in order to generate immunity
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
an English surgeon, learned that those who had cowpox were also protected from smallpox, so in 1976 he infected a boy with cowpox. The boy got a fever but recovered. Then, he infected him with smallpox, and the boy got a reaction to it but he did not get sick. His technique soon replaced variolation
Term
Christian Ehrenberg
Definition
1838, German biologist suggested to call these “rod-like” organisms bacteria
Term
Fermentation
Definition
A splitting of sugar molecules into simpler products, including alcohol, acid, and gas (CO2)
e.g. yeast
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
A heating process that destroys pathogenic bacteria in a fluid such as milk and lowers the overall number of bacterial cells in the fluid
-heating the wine to 55o C after fermentation but before the aging process
-process is famously applied to milk and other products
Term
Germs
Definition
microorganisms that cause infectious disease
Term
Germ Theory
Definition
the principle formulated by Pasteur and proved by Koch that microorganisms are responsible for infectious disease
Term
John Lister
Definition
(Professor of surgery) noticed more than half his amputation patients died from postoperative infections, and with Pasteur’s germ theory, (1865) he tried using carbolic acid spray in surgery and on surgical wounds. It worked so well that revolutionized the practice of surgery and medicine
Term
Antisepsis
Definition
the use of chemical methods for disinfection of external living surfaces, such as the skin
Term
Pasteur
Definition
tried to isolate the cause of cholera that spread through Paris in 1865, but he was unable to pinpoint the exact cause and could not validate the germ theory. The organisms on his broth cultures were unable to be separated because they were mixed freely
Term
Broth
Definition
A liquid containing nutrients for microbial growth
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
A set of procedures by which a specific organism can be related to a specific disease
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
worked with anthrax, injected mice with blood from infected sheep or cattle, then he did autopsies and noticed the same symptoms in all the animals, so he isolated rod-shaped bacterial cells later called Bacilli and grew them in aqueous humor of an ox’s eye, until they grew to become highly resistant spores. Then he injected these spores into healthy mice and they were soon sick with anthrax and found their blood was full of anthrax bacilli then he reisolated the bacilli in fresh aqueous humor and identified it as the causative agent.
Term
Agar
Definition
A complex polysaccharide derived from marine algae
Term
Pure Culture
Definition
An accumulation or colony of microorganisms of one species
Term
Attenuation
Definition
Reduce or weaken bacterial cells
Term
Pasteur's principles used for vaccination today
Definition
He did this by creating a weak strand of cholera by suspending the bacterial cells in a mildly acidic medium and allowing the culture to remain undisturbed for a long period. Then he inoculated chickens with the weakened strand and followed it later with a lethal strand and the chickens did not develop cholera. He later applied this complex to anthrax
Term
Bacteriology
Definition
the study of bacterial organisms
Term
Virology
Definition
the scientific study of viruses
Term
Martinus Beijernck
Definition
1899 suggested that tobacco mosaic disease was a “contagious, living liquid” that acted like a poison or virus (“virus” = poison). 1898, the first “filterable virus” responsible for hoof and mouth disease
Term
Walter Reed
Definition
1901 found the agent responsible for yellow fever is filterable
Term
Sergei Winogradsky
Definition
discovered bacterial cells that metabolized sulfur and developed nitrogen fixation. He was able to obtain pure cultures of microorganisms from the soil and water by enriching the growth conditions
Term
Mycology
Definition
the study of fungi
Term
Protozoology
Definition
the study of protozoa
Term
Phycology
Definition
the study of algae
Term
Immunology
Definition
the study of bodily defenses against microorganisms and other agents
Term
Bacteria
Definition
very small, single-celled (unicellular), organisms; cells may be spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped, and they lack the cell nucleus and most of the typical compartments typical of other microbes and mulitcellular organisms
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
a bacterial species that carries out photosynthesis
Term
Decomposers
Definition
organisms that recycle nutrients from dead organisms
Term
Archaea
Definition
Can be found in environments that are extremely hot, extremely salty, or in areas of extremely low pH; most absorb food from their environment
Term
Viruses
Definition
non cellular and cannot be grown in a pure culture; the core is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; identifying morphology (size, shape), genetic material (RNA, DNA), and biological properties (organisms or tissue infected)
-they infect organisms in order to replicate since they need the metabolic machinery inside a cell
Term
Fungi
Definition
includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds and mushrooms; they grow best in warm, moist places and secrete digestive enzymes that break down nutrients into smaller bits that can be absorbed easily
-they are used as antibodics, in foods as distinctive flavors, and when paired with bacteria molds are decomposers
Term
Protista
Definition
-consist of single-celled protozoa and algae; some are free living while others are associated with plants or animals, locomotion is achieved by flagella or cilia or by a crawling movement
-some absorb nutrients from surrounding environment or ingest algae and bacterial cells; unicellular, colonial, or filamentous algae carry out photosynthesis; They are helpful to lower levels of the food chain because they provide food for them while others can cause disease
Term
Salvador Luria and Max Dulbruck
Definition
used Escherichia coli and they showed that bacterial cells could develop spontaneous mutations that generate resistance to viral infection
Term
Mutation
Definition
Permanent alterations in DNA base sequences
Term
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and maclyn McCarty
Definition
1944 worked with Streptococcus pneumoniae and suggested that DNA is the genetic material in cells
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
referring to a cell or organisms containing a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound compartments
-includes all plants and animals, and fungi and protista
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
referring to cells or organisms having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-bound compartments
-includes bacterial and archaeal cells
-the DNA chromosome is not surrounded
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
the use of antimicrobial chemicals to kill microbes
Term
Antibiotic
Definition
antimicrobial substances naturally produced by mold and bacterial species that inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms (i.e. Streptomycin is an antibiotic for TB)
Term
Biotechnology
Definition
the commercial application of genetic engineering using living organisms
Term
Polymicrobial Diseases
Definition
A disorder caused by more than one infectious agent
Term
Emerging Infectious Disease
Definition
A new disease or changing disease that is seen for the first time (i.e. AIDS, Lyme disease, mad cow disease, SARS, swine flu)
-there are no cure for these diseases
Term
Reemerging Infectious Disease
Definition
a disease showing a resurgence in incidence or a spread in its geographical area (i.e. cholera, TB, dengue fever, West Nile virus)
-causes for this include antibiotic resistance, or population of susceptible individuals, climate changes such as more moderate temperatures advancing to the northern and southern latitudes
Term
Bioterrorism
Definition
the intentional or threatened use of biological agents to cause fear in or actually inflict death or disease upon a large population (i.e. anthrax, smallpox, plague)
-detection of bioterror agents, measures to protect to public, and develop new and effective treatments for individuals or whole populations is a challenge to biologists
Term
Biofilm
Definition
A complex community of microorganisms that form a protective and adhesive matrix that attaches to a surface, such as a catheter or industrial pipeline
-it is difficult to treat when they cause infectious disease
Term
Bioremediation
Definition
the use of microorganisms to remove or decontaminate toxic materials in the environment
Term
Postulate 1
Definition
The same microorganisms are prsent in every case of the disease
Term
Postulate 2
Definition
The microorganisms are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal, and a pure culture is prepared
Term
Postulate 3
Definition
Microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal. The disease is reproduced
Term
Postulate 4
Definition
The identical microorganisms are isolated and recultivated from the tissue specimens of the experimental animal
Term
Jacob Henle
Definition
1840 implicated bacteria in disease causation
Term
Filippo Pacini
Definition
1854 discovered rod-shaped cholera bacteria in stool samples from cholera patients
Term
Pasteur
Definition
used attentuated bacteria cells in cholera and anthrax innoculations
Term
Roux and Yersin
Definition
linked diphtheria toxin to bacterial cells
Term
von Behring
Definition
treated diphtheria with an antitoxin
Term
Pasteur
Definition
developed a sucessful rabies vaccine
Term
Koch
Definition
isolated the tubercule bacillus and said that water is the key to tuberculosis transmission
Term
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
Definition
demonstrated that one gene codes for one enzyme
Term
Paul Erlich
Definition
1910 developed Salvarsan, a chemical that cured individuals of syphilis
Term
Alexander Fleming
Definition
1929 observed that a species of Penicillium mold killed bacterial cells, leading to the development of pencillin
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