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chapter 1-8
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181
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/18/2015

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Term
kinesiology
Definition
study of movement
Term
kinetics
Definition
are those forces causing movement
Term
What happens when standing in the anatomical position?
Definition
1. standing in upright position
2. eyes facing forward
3. feet parallel and (shoulder width apart) close together
4. arms at side with palms facing forward
Term
what position are you when palms are facing the sides of the body
Definition
fundamental position
Term
medial
Definition
close to the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
further from the midline
Term
anterior
Definition
front of the body
Term
posterior
Definition
back of body
Term
ventral
Definition
anterior(trunk)
Term
dorsal
Definition
posterior(trunk)
Term
distal
Definition
away from the trunk
Term
proximal
Definition
towards the trunk
Term
superior
Definition
above another body part
Term
inferior
Definition
below another body part
Term
cranial
Definition
closer to the head
Term
caudal
Definition
closer to the feet
Term
superficial
Definition
closer to the surface
skin
s
Term
deep
Definition
further from the surface
muscles
Term
linear motion
Definition
a straight line from one location to another
Term
rectilinear motion
Definition
object moves the same distance at the same time and in a straight line
Term
curvilinear motion
Definition
object moves the same distance at the same time and in a curved path
Term
angular motion
Definition
movement of an object about a fixed point
Term
osteokinematics
Definition
joint motion- occurs around joint axes and through joint planes
Term
flexion
Definition
bending a joint
Term
extension
Definition
straightening a joint
Term
hyperextension
Definition
continuation of extension beyond the anatomical postion
Term
abduction
Definition
moving away from midline of body
Term
adduction
Definition
moving toward the midline of the body
Term
protraction
Definition
abduction
Term
retraction
Definition
adduction
Term
circumduction
Definition
making a full circle with a joint
Term
rotation
Definition
spinning
Term
internal rotation
Definition
rotating medially
Term
external rotation
Definition
rotating laterally
Term
inversion
Definition
turning foot in
Term
eversion
Definition
turning foot out
Term
supination
Definition
turning forearm up
Term
pronation
Definition
turning forearm down
Term
plantarflexion
Definition
pointing foot down
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
pointing foot up
Term
horizontal adduction
Definition
in the shoulder-bringing arm back to body
Term
horizontal abduction
Definition
in the shoulder - pulling arm away from body
Term
ulnar deviation
Definition
hand moving medially towards ulna
Term
radial deviation
Definition
hand moves laterally towards the radius
Term
lateral flexion
Definition
bending trunk to each side
Term
opposition
Definition
touching thum to tips of fingers
Term
list 5 functions of the skeleton
Definition
1. gives support and shape
2. protects vital organs
3. assists with movement
4. manufactures blood cells
5. storage of calcium and minerals
Term
list 2 types of skeletons
Definition
axial and appendicular
Term
the axial skeleton consist of
Definition
head thorax and trunk
Term
the appendicular skeleton consist of
Definition
the extremities
Term
bones are made up of
Definition
fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous, and vascular
Term
two types of bones
Definition
compact and cancellous
Term
epiphysis
Definition
is the end of the diaphysis
adults -hard
kids - soft
Term
another name for epiphyseal plate
Definition
growth plate
Term
diaphysis
Definition
main shaft of the bone made up of mostly compact bone
Term
medullary canal
Definition
found on the diaphysis
hollow
contains marrow and provides passage for nutrients
Term
endosteum
Definition
lines the medullary canal and contains osteoclasts
responsible for bone resorption
Term
metaphysis
Definition
the flared part of each end of the diaphysis
made of cancellous bone
supports the epiphysis
Term
periosteum
Definition
the outer layer of the diaphysis
nerves and blood vessels are contained
provides surface for tendons and ligaments to attach to
Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
"floaters"
protects from excessive wear
provides a groove for the tendons to pass between and therefore decrease weightbearing
Term
arthrology
Definition
study of joints
Term
fibrous joint
Definition
joint which have a thin layer of periosteum between 2 bones
Term
3 types of fibrous joint
Definition
synarthrosis
syndesmosis or ligamentous joint
gomphoris
Term
amphiarthrosis or "cartilaginous joint"
Definition
allows a small amount of motion and provide a great deal of stability
ex:pubic symphasis
Term
Diathrosis (synovial joint)
Definition
gets the most motion
contains a fluid filled joint cavity between bony partners
ex: hip, elbow,knee
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
fluid found inside the joint
helps with decreasing the friction and acts like a shock absorber
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
covers ends of the bone
Term
articular capsule
Definition
joint is enclosed by this
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
the inner layer
secretes the synovial fluid
Term
synovial joint
Definition
has an intra-articular disc or menisci
Term
peripheral labrum
Definition
deepens the joint and thicken the attachment of the capsule
Term
fat pads
Definition
cushion and protect the knee
reduces the synovial fluid necessary for proper joint function
Term
nonaxial joint
Definition
no axis
surface glides over one another instead of moving around the other
ex: intercarpals
Term
uniaxial joint
Definition
one axis
hinge and pivot joint
ex: elbow
Term
biaxial joint
Definition
two axis
condyloid and saddle
ex: wrist
Term
triaxial joint
Definition
ball and socket
3 axis
ball and socket allows alot of motion
ex: shoulder and hip
ex:shoulder
Term
ligaments
Definition
connects bone to bone
have a little give
Term
hyaline(articular cartilage)
Definition
covers ends of opposing bones
no blood supply or nerve supply-gets nutrients from synovial fluid
if damaged wont repair itself
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
shock absorber
ex: intervertebral disc, menisci found in knee
porr vascularized- doesnt produce pain
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
allows certain amount of motion
ex: external ear, pubis symphysis
Term
tendons
Definition
connects muscle to bone
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
broad, flat tendinous sheath
Term
bursea
Definition
padlike sac located in area of excessive friction
helps decrease friction
Term
mid-sagittal
Definition
divides body into equal right and left halves
Term
sagittal
Definition
divides body into right and left halves
Term
frontal
Definition
divides body into front and back halves
Term
transverse
Definition
divides body into upper and lower halves
Term
degrees of freedom
Definition
number of independent movements allowed at a joint
Term
end feel
Definition
assessment of the quality of the feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint
ex: PROM
Term
bony or hard end feel
Definition
abrupt limit to joint motion
(bone contacting bone)
ex: elbow extension
Term
soft tissue stretch (firm end feel)
Definition
has a slight give when joint is taken to teh end range
ex: knee extension
Term
soft tissue approximation (soft end feel)
Definition
when muscle bulk is compressed
ex: elbow flexion
Term
empty end feel
Definition
mechanical limitation of joint ROM
motion limited by pain
Term
long bone
Definition
ex: clavicle or femur
Term
short bone
Definition
ex: carpals or tarsals
Term
irregular bone
Definition
ex: vertebrae or sacrum
Term
flat bone
Definition
ex: scapula, ribs, or hip
Term
synarthrosis
Definition
junction between bones that is held with connective tissue
little to no movement occurs here
ex:suture lines
Term
syndesmosis or ligamentous joint
Definition
ligaments and interosseous membrane hold joints together and small amount of twisting or stretching occur with these joints
ex: distal tibiofibular and radioulnar
Term
arthrokinematics
Definition
joint surface motion
Term
joint play movement
Definition
not under voluntary control and occurs only in response to an external force
Term
roll, glide or slide, spin
Definition
3 types of arthrokinematic motion
Term
roll
Definition
rolling of one joint surface on another
new points on each surface come into contact during motion
Term
glide or slide
Definition
linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of adjoining joint surface
Term
spin
Definition
rotation of the moveable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface
Term
Convex-Concave-Law
Definition
the law that determines motion
Term
convex on concave movement
Definition
surface rolls and slides in opposite directions
it diverse weight in a joint
Term
concave on convex movement
Definition
concave surface rolls and slides in similar direction
allows more surface area
Term
traction force
Definition
force that causes the joint surfaces to be pulled apart
Term
approximation force
Definition
force that causes joint surfaces to be pushed together
Term
shear force
Definition
force that causes a glide motion at the joint
occurs parallel to the surface
Term
origin of muscle
Definition
where the muscle starts at an is usually above the insertion
Term
insertion of a muscle
Definition
is where it ends and is usually below the origin
Term
origin and insertion of a muscle
Definition
determines what direction the motion is going to occur in a muscle
Term
parallel or oblique
Definition
muscle fibers are arranged within the muscle in a direction that is either
Term
parallel muscle fibers
Definition
are long fibers that have a greater ROM potential
Term
oblique muscle fibers
Definition
have short fibers and are more numerous
has greater strength potential
Term
strap muscle
Definition
long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle
example of a parallel muscle shape
Term
fusiform muscle
Definition
fibers running parallel to each other and have a central tendon
example of a parallel muscle shape
Term
unipennate muscle
Definition
one sided feather shape
example of an oblique muscle shape
Term
bipennate muscle
Definition
feather shaped
example of oblique muscle
Term
multipennate muscle
Definition
many tendons with oblique fibers
example of oblique muscle
Term
tension
Definition
force built up within the muscle necessary for a muscle to contract and re-coil (shorten and relax)
Term
tone
Definition
slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times
Term
excursion
Definition
distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening therefore 1 joint can allow the joint to move through full ROM but not 2 joint
ex making fist while wrist is bent
Term
active insufficiency
Definition
actively contracting a muscle
Term
passive insuffinciency
Definition
stretching the muscle
Term
isometric contraction
Definition
a muscle contracts without joint motion
pushing hands together and flexing your pecs
Term
isotonic contraction
Definition
muscle contracts and the muscle length changes and joint motion occurs resistance remains constant
lifting weights
Term
concentric contraction
Definition
muscle contracts and the origin and insertion move closer together
lifting
Term
eccentric contraction
Definition
muscle contracts but the origin and insertion move father apart
wall sits
Term
isokinetic contraction
Definition
cybex or orthotron machine
Term
agonist
Definition
muscle or muscles which cause the motion or the prime mover
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle which is performing the opposite motion of the agonist
Term
cocotraction
Definition
when the agonist and antagonist contract together
Term
stabilizer or fixator
Definition
muscle or muscle group that supports or makes firm
abs support trunk during pushups
Term
closed kinetic chains
Definition
the distal segment of muscle is fixed and the proximal segment moves
ex: squats
Term
open kinetic chains
Definition
distal segment of muscle is free to move and the proximal segment is stationary
Term
actin
Definition
the light band fibers of the muscle
Term
myosin
Definition
dark band fibers of the muscle
Term
cross bridge
Definition
the actin overlap the myosin they interact through
Term
central nervous system
Definition
is the brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
contains the nerves
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
contains the smooth muscle
Term
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Definition
the autonomic nervous system is broken down to two systems
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
responsible for dealing with stress and stimulation
prepares body for fight or flight
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
controls homeostasis of life maintains
under normal,quiet conditions
at rest
Term
neuron
Definition
nerve cell consist of cell body and the processes
Term
dendrites
Definition
fibers that receive impulses from other parts of the nervous system and carry them toward the cell body
Term
axon
Definition
fibers that carries impulses away from the nerve cell
Term
motor(efferent)neuron
Definition
generates motor impulses to various muscle groups
Term
sensory (afferent) neuron
Definition
receives sensory information from throughout the body towards the CNS or receives info from muscles and sends info to the brain
Term
vital life function
Definition
the brain stem is responsible for
Term
cerebellum
Definition
controls muscle coordination, tone and posture
Term
foramen magnum
conus medullaris
Definition
the spinal cord starts at _______and ends _________
Term
cauda equine
Definition
makes up the nerve roots for L2-S5
Term
CN V trigeninal
Definition
nerve responsible of sensation around the head, face, and oral cavity
Term
CN VII Facial
Definition
nerve responsible for facial expression
Term
CN IX glossopharyngeal
Definition
nerve responsible for the posterior one-third of tongue and for gag reflex
Term
CN X Vagus
Definition
nerve responsible for the heart, vocal cords, lungs and GI tract
Term
CN XI spinal "accessory nerve"
Definition
nerve responsible for the trapezius and SCM muscle
Term
plexus formation
Definition
the anterior rami of the spinal nerves that join together and/or branch out forming a network
Term
vector
Definition
have both magnitude and direction
ex: pushing a wheel chair
Term
velocity
Definition
vector that describes speed and is measured in feet per second
Term
mass
Definition
the amount of matter that a body contains
Term
newtons first law of motion
Definition
object remains at rest or continues to move til we change it
Term
newtons second law of motion
Definition
force needed to overcome the inertia of an object and cause the object to move stop or change direction
ex: kicking a ball
Term
newtons third law of motion
Definition
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
ex; jumping on a trampoline
Term
mass x acceleration
Definition
force =
Term
torque
Definition
rotary equivalent of a force - the ability of force to produce rotation about an axis
Term
moment arm
Definition
torque arm is the perpendicular distance for the axis of rotation
Term
90 degrees
increase
decrease
Definition
torque is greater when the angle of pull is___________and decrease as the angle of pull _________or ____________
Term
center of gravity COG
Definition
balance point of an object at which weight on all sides is equal
Term
slightly anterior to s2
Definition
center of gravity COG
Term
axis or fulcrum
Definition
fixed point about which the lever rotates
Term
force arm
Definition
the distance between the force and the axis or fulcrum
Term
resistance arm
Definition
the distance between the resistance and the axis or fulcrum
Term
1st class lever
Definition
class lever that the axis is located between the force and resistance
ex: seesaw
designed for balance
Term
2nd class lever
Definition
class lever that the axis is at one end resistance in the middle and force at the other end
designed for power
ex: wheel barrow
Term
3rd class lever
Definition
class lever where the axis is at one end with the force in the middle and resistance at the opposite end
designed for ROM
Term
mechanical advantage
Definition
ratio between the force arm and the resistance arm
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