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Chapter 18
Vocabulary & Key Concepts
19
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/21/2014

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Term
gene expression
Definition
the process of converting information that is archived in DNA into molecules that actually do things in the cell
Term
3 ways a bacterial cell can avoid producing proteins that are not needed at a particular time
Definition
1. the cell could avoid making the mRNAs for particular enzymes
2. if the mRNA for an enzyme has been made, the cell could prevent the mRNA from being translated into protein
3. many proteins have to be activated by chemical modification; regulate the modification
Term
transcriptional control
Definition
when regulatory proteins affect RNA polymerase's ability to bind to a promoter & initiate transcription
Term
translational control
Definition
when regulatory molecules alter the length of time an mRNA survives, affect translation initiation, or affect elongation
Term
post-translational control
Definition
regulating the chemical modification necessary to activate a protein
Term
constituitively
Definition
some genes are transcribed all the time
Term
inducer
Definition
a small molecule that triggers transcription of a specific gene
Term
2 steps necessary for a researcher to find mutants that are associated with a particular trait
Definition
1. generate a large number of individuals with mutations at random locations in their genomes
2. screen the treated individuals for mutants with defects in the process or biochemical pathway in question
Term
mutagens
Definition
X-rays, UV light, or chemicals that damage DNA & increase mutation rates
Term
4 steps for replica plating
Definition
1. grow a master plate of mutagenized colonies on complete medium
2. press velvet-covered block against master plate
3. press block against a replica plate that is not a complete medium
4. compare plates
Term
constitutive mutants
Definition
cells that are abnormal because they produce a product at all times
Term
2 general ways that transcription can be regulated
Definition
1. negative control
2. positive control
Term
negative control
Definition
a regulatory protein called a repressor binds to DNA & shuts down transcription
Term
positive control
Definition
a regulatory protein called an activator binds to DNA & triggers transcription
Term
operon
Definition
a set of coordinately regulated bacterial genes that are transcribed together into one mRNA
Term
lac operon
Definition
the group of genes involved in lactose metabolism
Term
AraC
Definition
example of an activator protein
Term
global gene regulation
Definition
the coordinated regulation of many genes
Term
regulon
Definition
a set of separate genes or operons that contain the same regulatory sequences & that are controlled by a single type of regulatory protein
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