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Chapter 18
The Heart and Cardiovascular Fxn
248
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/05/2013

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Term
The size of your heart is relatively the size of your...
Definition
clenched fist.
Term
Where is it found within the chest?
Definition
Immediately behind the sternum, between the lungs within the mediastinum.
Term
What else is located in the mediastinum?
Definition
The thymus, great vessels, esophagus and trachea.
Term
The heart is tilted to the _____ and rotated where the _____ side is in the back.
Definition
LEFT/LEFT
Term
What is the shape of the heart?
Definition
An inverted cone.
Term
Does the base of the heart point up or down? What about the apex?
Definition
Base, up. Apex, down.
Term
What is the typical length of the heart from apex to base?
Definition
5 inches.
Term
Does a midsaggital section divide the heart into two equal sections?
Definition
No.
Term
The _____ forms the superior border.
Definition
base.
Term
The ______ ______ of the heart is formed by the right atrium.
Definition
right border.
Term
The left border of the heart is formed by the ______ _______ and a small portion of the _______ atrium.
Definition
left ventricle, left atrium.
Term
The ________ ______ is formed mainly by the inferior wall of the right ventricle.
Definition
Inferior wall.
Term
How many layers does the heart wall contain?
Definition
3.
Term
What is the endocardium?
Definition
The inner surfaces of the heart that includes the heart valves.
Term
What tissue is it MAINLY made of?
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium.
Term
What is the squamous epithelial lining of called?
Definition
Endothelium.
Term
What is the endothelium of the heart continuous with?
Definition
The tunica interna of the attached great vessels.
Term
What is the inflammation of the endothelium and what is one cause?
Definition
Endcarditis. Poor oral hygiene.
Term
What is the myocardium? What does it form?
Definition
The muscular wall of the heart. Forms both the atria and the ventricles.
Term
What does the middle layer of the myocardium contain?
Definition
Concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue as well as blood vessels and nerves.
Term
The ______ _________ contains muscle bundles that wrap around the atria and form ______-______ that encircles the great vessel.
Definition
atrial myocardium/figure-eight
Term
The ________ ________ muscles wrap around both of the ventricles while deep muscle layers spiral around & between the _________ towards the apex in a figure-eight pattern.
Definition
superficial ventricular/ventricles
Term
What is the epicardium? What else is it known as?
Definition
It covers the outer surface of the heart. Visceral Pericardium.
Term
What does the serous membrane of the epicardium consist of?
Definition
Exposed mesothelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue.
Term
What is the areolar connective tissue of the epicardium connected to?
Definition
The myocardium.
Term
What is the heart surrounded by? 2 things.
Definition
Pericardium & Pericardial Cavity.
Term
What is the parietal pericardium?
Definition
The serous membrane that forms an outer sac.
Term
What is it reinforced by?
Definition
Dense fibrous layer & inner areolar layer and mesothelium.
Term
Together, what does all 3 tissues create?
Definition
The pericardial sac.
Term
What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium called?
Definition
The pericardial cavity.
Term
How much fluid does the pericardial cavity contain?
Definition
15-50 ml.
Term
What permits the changes in the shape of the heart? How?
Definition
the pericardial cavity. The slippery lining keeps friction from occurring.
Term
What happens when excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity?
Definition
It can restrict movement of the heart AKA it cannot beat.
Term
What is this condition called?
Definition
Cardiac tamponade.
Term
What is inflammation of the pericardium called?
Definition
Pericarditis.
Term
How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells contain?
Definition
Single, centrally located nucleus. UNI-NUCLEATED.
Term
What is the relative size of a muscle cell? Shape?
Definition
Relatively small. Columnar shaped.
Term
Do muscle cells branch?
Definition
YES.
Term
Do cardiac muscles have a metabolism? If so, what organelle do they contain?
Definition
YES. Mitochondria
Term
Do cardiac muscle cells have striations?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What percent of cardiac muscles are able to generate their own electrical impulse?
Definition
1%
Term
Do cardiac muscles contain intercalated disks?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What are these disks connected by?
Definition
Gap junctions and desmosomes.
Term
What do these connections allow?
Definition
A direct electrical and chemical and mechanical connection so the cardiac muscle cells can act as one, synchronized unit.
Term
What is this coordinated unit called?
Definition
Functional syncytium.
Term
Does a cardiac muscle cell contraction last longer or shorter than skeletal muscle contraction?
Definition
Longer.
Term
Why is cardiac muscle contraction longer?
Definition
The calcium channels stay open longer.
Term
What does this result in?
Definition
A prolonged absolute refractory period.
Term
Does every single cell in a cardiac muscle need its own neuromuscular junction?
Definition
NOOOOO.
Term
What are the two upper receiving chambers on the R and L side of the heart?
Definition
The atria
Term
What is the auricle?
Definition
An outer expandable extension that both atria contain.
Term
What are the atria separated by?
Definition
The inner wall called the interatrial septum.
Term
The ____ atrium has a shallow depression called the fossa ______.
Definition
Right/ovalis.
Term
What does the fossa ovalis mark the location of?
Definition
A former hole in the interatrial septum called the foramen ovale.
Term
What is the failure of this foramen ovale called?
Definition
Atrial Septal Defect.
Term
What are the two lower pumping chambers on the R and L sides of the heart?
Definition
The ventricles
Term
What are the ventricles separated by?
Definition
The interventricular septum.
Term
The right ventricle is ______ than the left ventricle.
Definition
Thinner, smaller.
Term
Why is it so much thinner? What do we refer to this circuit as?
Definition
Because the RIGHT ventricle only needs to pump blood to the lungs. The pulmonary circuit.
Term
The left ventricle is _____ times more muscular than the right ventricle.
Definition
3.
Term
Why does the left ventricle need/produce 4-6x more pressure than the right? What is this circuit called?
Definition
Because it is pumping blood to the entire body. The systemic circuit.
Term
Why is the 4 chambered heart so efficient?
Definition
Because oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix.
Term
What is VSD?
Definition
Ventricular Septal Defect.
Term
What is the trabeculae carneae?
Definition
The inner surfaces of the ventricles posses a series of large, irregular, musclar ridges.
Term
What do the valves of the heart ensure?
Definition
That blood can only flow one direction.
Term
What are the AV valves really called and what do they separate?
Definition
Atrioventricular valves. Separate each atrium from its corresponding ventricle.
Term
The free edge of each valve consists of two or more flaps called...
Definition
cusps.
Term
What are the chordae tendineae?
Definition
What the cusps are attached to. They are connective tissue fibers.
Term
The chordae tendinae work with the _______ _______ to prevent inversion of the AV valves.
Definition
papillary muscles.
Term
What is the technical term for backflow of blood?
Definition
Regurgitation.
Term
What is the tricuspid valve?
Definition
It possesses three cusps and allows the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Prevents backflow of blood during ventricular contraction.
Term
What is the bicuspid valve?
Definition
ALSO KNOWN AS THE MITRAL VALVE. Possesses two cusps and allows the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Also prevents backflow.
Term
What do the semilunar valves separate?
Definition
Separate each ventricle from the vessels that exit them.
Term
what does the pulmonary semilunar valve separate?
Definition
Separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk and its pulmonary arteries.
Term
What does the aortic semilunar valve separate?
Definition
Separates the left ventricle from the aorta.
Term
When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendinae are ________ and the papillary muscles are ________ so that the _______ valves are standing open and offer _____ _________to the flow of blood from the atria to the _______.
Definition
loose, relaxed, AV, no resistance, ventricles.
Term
The ____ _______ in the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit keeps the ____ valves closed.
Definition
high pressure, semilunar.
Term
When the _______ contract, the blood is pushed back towards the atria and closes the ___ valves. During the contraction, the chordinae tendinae tense and prevent ______ of the AV valves.
Definition
ventricles, AV, inversion.
Term
When the pressure in the _____ is greater than that in the pulmonary and systemic circuits, the ______ valves open and the blood is ejected out of the ventricles and into the corresponding blood vessels.
Definition
ventricles, semilunar
Term
What kind of blood does the pulmonary circuit carry?
Definition
DEOXYGENATED.
Term
What is the first step of the pulmonary circuit?
Definition
Blood flows into the RIGHT atrium through the superior & inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
Term
After the blood flows into the right atrium, what happens next?
Definition
The blood passes through the TRICUSPID valve into the right ventricle.
Term
When the right ventricle contracts, where does the blood go?
Definition
The blood is ejected through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk.
Term
What does the pulmonary trunk branch into? What do they do?
Definition
The left and right pulmonary arteries. They transport DEOXYGENATED blood into the lungs where it picks up oxygen.
Term
Once blood picks up oxygen, where does it go?
Definition
The oxygenated blood travels in the right and left pulmonary veins to the LEFT atrium and then through the BICUSPID valve into the LEFT ventricle.
Term
Once blood is in the left ventricle, what happens?
Definition
The left ventricle contracts and blood travels through the aortic semilunar valve through the aortic arch out to the body.
Term
What is the coronary circuit?
Definition
The oxygenated blood that is transported to the walls of the heart.
Term
Where is the right coronary artery? Where does it supply blood to?
Definition
It sits in the coronary sulcus around the heart. The RIGHT atrium, portions of both ventricles and portions of the conducting system of the heart.
Term
What are the right coronary artery's two branches?
Definition
Marginal Arteries (front edge of heart) and Posterior Interventricular Artery (on back, between ventricles).
Term
What does the left coronary artery supply blood to?
Definition
The left ventricle, left atrium and interventricular septum.
Term
What are the left coronary artery's two branches?
Definition
Anterior interventricular artery (front side between the ventricles) and the circumflex artery (circles left around the back).
Term
How does blood return to the heart?
Definition
VEINS.
Term
Where is the small cardiac vein?
Definition
It runs parallel to the marginal arteries and right coronary artery.
Term
Where is the middle cardiac vein?
Definition
Runs parallel to the posterior interventricular artery
Term
Where is the great cardiac vein?
Definition
Runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery.
Term
What do all 3 of the veins just listed merge to form? And where does it drain?
Definition
The coronary sinus. Drains into the right atrium along with the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
Term
The cardiac cycle represents ___ heart beat.
Definition
one
Term
Each heart beat is followed by a brief ______ ________.
Definition
Resting phase.
Term
What does this resting phase allow time for?
Definition
The chambers to relax and prepare for the next heart beat and for the oxygenated blood to be distributed to the wall of the heart.
Term
The heart is ____ pumps that work in pairs.
Definition
four.
Term
Which contracts first? Two atria or two ventricles?
Definition
Two atrias
Term
What does systole mean?
Definition
Contraction.
Term
What does diastole mean?
Definition
Relaxation.
Term
When the cardiac cycle begins all four chambers are _____ and the ventricles are partially ______ with blood.
Definition
Relaxed, filled
Term
The AV valves are _____ and the semilunar valves are _____.
Definition
open, closed.
Term
During ______ _______, the atria contract ,completely filling the relaxed ventricles with blood. How long does this last?
Definition
Atrial systole. 100 milliseconds.
Term
As atrial systole ends, _____ _____ begins and continues until the start of the next cardiac cycle.
Definition
atrial diastole
Term
While atrial systole is ending, ______ ______ is also happening. How long does this last?
Definition
ventricular systole. 270 milliseconds.
Term
What is the first phase of ventricular systole?
Definition
The ventricles contract and this pushes the AV valves closed. The pressure in the ventricles is still not great enough to open the semilunar valves and this is said to be called PERIOD OF ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION.
Term
What is the second phase of ventricular diastole?
Definition
The pressure inside the ventricles finally becomes great enough to open the semilunar valves and blood is ejected out of the ventricles and into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. THIS IS KNOWN AS PERIOD OF VENTRICULAR EJECTION.
Term
In EARLY ventricular diastole: When the ventricles relax, the pressure inside them drops and causes the semilunar valves to ______. The pressure inside the ventricles is not yet low enough to open the AV valves. This is called...
Definition
Close. THE PERIOD OF ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION.
Term
What happens in late ventricular diastole?
Definition
All chambers are relaxed again. The AV valves have now opensed and the ventricles are passively filling with blood flowing through the atria to about 70% of their volume.
Term
How long between two cardiac cycles?
Definition
.8 seconds.
Term
What are the four heart sounds?
Definition
S1, S2, S3, S4.
Term
What does ausculate mean?
Definition
To listen.
Term
What do we listen to heart sounds with?
Definition
A stethoscope.
Term
The first heart sound (S1) sounds like ______ and corresponds with the...
Definition
LUBB. closing of the AV valves during ventricular contraction.
Term
The second heart sound (S2) sounds like ______ and corresponds with the...
Definition
DUPP. closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation.
Term
S3 and S4 are ____ and seldom audible in healthy adults. What do they correspond with?
Definition
Faint. S3 - blood flowing into the ventricles. S4 - atrial contraction.
Term
What are heart murmurs?
Definition
Abnormal heart sounds. (mitral valve prolapse)
Term
What is the cardiac conducting system?
Definition
A network of specialized cardiac muscle cells responsible for initiating and distributing the stimulus to contract.
Term
What is intrinsic cardiac conduction?
Definition
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts even in the absence of muscle or hormonal stimulation. Controls heart rate at rest.
Term
1% of cardiac muscle is ________.
Definition
autorhythmic.
Term
What is the Sinoatrial Node? Where is it?
Definition
SA Node. embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. Known as cardiac pacemaker. It's electrical impulse is spread to the other cells through a conducting system.
Term
How many BPM does the SA node create?
Definition
75 BPM
Term
What are the internodal pathways?
Definition
They distribute the contractile stimulus to the atrial muscl cells as the impulse travels towards the ventricles. They innervate BOTH atria.
Term
What is the atrioventricular node? Where is it? Is there a delay?
Definition
AV node. Located at the junction between the atria and ventricles. The AV node delivers the stimulus to the AV bundle. There is a 100 msec delay so the atria have time to contract.
Term
What happens if the SA node fails?
Definition
The AV node can take over but produces beats 40-60 BPM.
Term
What is the AV bundle? Where is it?
Definition
It serves as the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles. Located with the interventricular septum.
Term
The AV bundle branches into the ___ and ___ bundles that are located where?
Definition
Right and Left. They extend towards the apex of the heart then turn and fan out deep to the endocardial surface.
Term
Why is the left bundle branch bigger than the left?
Definition
The LEFT ventricle muscle is 4-6x larger than the right so it has to be.
Term
What are perkinje fibers? Where are they located?
Definition
They are responsible for the depolarization of of the ventricular myocardial cells that trigger contraction. They innervate the ventricles.
Term
What is the order of impulse?
Definition
SA node --> internodal pathway --> AV node --> AV bundle --> L branch + R branch --> Perkinje Fibers
Term
What is extrinsinc cardiac control?
Definition
Electrical impulses created outside the heart that can affect heart rate.
Term
What is the homeostatic range of resting heart rate?
Definition
60-100 BPM.
Term
Where are the extrinsic cardiac centers located?
Definition
The medulla oblongata.
Term
They centers innervate the heart by the _____ _______ and are further regulated by the _________.
Definition
cardiac plexus/hypothalamus.
Term
CardioINhibitory centers control the...
Definition
parasympathetic neurons (rest/digest) that SLOW the heart rate via the VAGUS nerve.
Term
Cardioinhibitory centers use the hormone ______.
Definition
ACH - acetylcholine
Term
CardioACCELERatory centers control the...
Definition
sympathetic neurons (fight/flight) that INCREASE heart rate via the CARDIAC ACCELERATOR nerve.
Term
CardioACCELERatory centers use the hormones _______.
Definition
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine.
Term
What is bradycardia?
Definition
Heart rate < 60
Term
What is tachycardia?
Definition
Heart rate > 100
Term
What is the best overall indicator peripheral blood flow?
Definition
Cardiac output.
Term
What is cardiac output? What is it dependent on?
Definition
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute. Heart Rate and Stroke Volume.
Term
What is stroke volume?
Definition
The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle during a single heart beat.
Term
How is cardiac output calculated?
Definition
Vol of blood/beat x # of beats/min.
Term
Example of cardiac output:
Definition
75 B/PM X 80 ML/B = 6,000 ml/min or 6 L/min.
Term
What are some factors affecting heart rate?
Definition
1.)Body temp
2.)Hormones
3.)Emotional State
4.)Stimulation of symp or para nervous system.
Term
What are some factors effecting stroke volume?
Definition
Preload, afterload, contractility.
Term
What is preload?
Definition
the amount of myocardial stretch permitting the ventricle to fill.
Term
What is end diastolic volume?
Definition
the amount of blood in the venttricles at the end of each ventricle diastole.
Term
Do you want MAX or MIN preload?
Definition
MAX.
Term
So MAX preload leads to MAX EDV which leads to MAX _______.
Definition
stroke volume.
Term
What is after load?
Definition
The amount of tension the contracting ventricle must produce in order to force the semilunar valves open and to eject blood.
Term
So, the greater the after load...
Definition
the larger end-systolic volume the smaller stroke volume.
Term
What is contractility?
Definition
the amount of force that is produced during a contraction at a given amount of preload.
Term
As contractility increases...
Definition
the ESV increases, and stroke volume increases.
Term
People use beta blockers and channel extenders in clinical practices to increase contractility. T or F?
Definition
True.
Term
What is an ECG/EKG?
Definition
electrocardiogram. Electrical events occuring in the heart can be noticed by electronodes placed all over the body.
Term
What is the order of wave?
Definition
P, QRS complex, T.
Term
What does the pwave correspond to?
Definition
The depolarization of the atria and triggers contraction in the atria about 25 msec afterwards.
Term
What does an abnormal P wave suggest? A missing p wave?
Definition
A problem with the SA node. SA node failure.
Term
What does the QRS complex correspond to?
Definition
ventricular depolarization. The ventricles begin contracting after the peak of the R.
Term
What does an abnormal QRS complex indicate?
Definition
A problem with the AV node or a heart block.
Term
What does the T wave correspond with?
Definition
Ventricular repolarization.
Term
Why is atrial repolarization not visible?
Definition
Because it happens as ventricles depolarize and is masked by the strong QRS complex.
Term
What if the P-R interval is greater than 200 msec?
Definition
Damage to the AV node.
Term
What if the Q-T interval is increased?
Definition
Increased risk of heart attack. Ventricular tachycardia.
Term
What does asystole mean?
Definition
Flatline - dead.
Term
What is blood flow?
Definition
Tissue perfusion. The volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ or the entire circulation,
Term
what is the path of systemic tissue perfusion?
Definition
Left ventricle, aorta, elastic and muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, medium-sized veins, large veins, and finally superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium of heart.
Term
As cardiac output rises...
Definition
so does amount of blood flowing.
Term
As you increase cardiac output, blow flow increases to organs and circuits involved with _______.
Definition
Exercise.
Term
Likewise, blood flow is decreased to ________.
Definition
Unnecessary structures.
Term
What is total peripheral resistance?
Definition
The resistance of the entire cardiovascular system.
Term
What must happen for circulation to occur?
Definition
The heart must develop sufficient pressure to overcome the total peripheral resistance.
Term
What are the three factors that total peripheral resistance depends on?
Definition
vascular resistance, viscosity of blood, and turbulence.
Term
As length of a vessel increases...
Definition
resistance increases and vice versa.
Term
As diameter of a vessel increases...
Definition
resistance is decreased and vice versa.
Term
Diameter is more important to vascular resistance than ______.
Definition
Length.
Term
Viscosity means..
Definition
thickness.
Term
If there is an increase in viscosity there is a _______ in resistance.
Definition
increase.
Term
What is turbulence?
Definition
High flow rates, irregular surfaces, and sudden changes in vessel diameter upset the smooth flow of blood creating eddies and swirls.
Term
An increase in turbulence causes an increase in ________.
Definition
Resistance. Vice versa.
Term
Blood velocity is ________ proportional to surface area.
Definition
INVERSELY
Term
The more area...the more friction...the ______ blood flows.
Definition
slower.
Term
What type vessel has the greatest total surface area?
Definition
capillaries. because there are so many of them!
Term
Blood moves slowly in capillaries. Is this okay?
Definition
Yes because they function in exchange.
Term
Blood moves more quickly through _____ and _____ because they have lower total surface area.
Definition
Veins and arteries.
Term
What is blood pressure?
Definition
The amount of force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood contained within it.
Term
Pressure is measured by _____.
Definition
MMhg. Millimeters of mercury
Term
Blood flow is ______ proportional to the blood pressure and ______ proportional to the peripheral resistance.
Definition
directly/inversely
Term
Changes in blood pressure occur as blood flows through the ___________ ______.
Definition
cardiovascular system.
Term
The heart generates pressure around ______ mmHg as it pumps blood into the aorta.
Definition
100
Term
At the branches of the arterial system, pressure _____ to ____ mmHg.
Definition
drops to 35.
Term
When it reaches the venules, it has ____ to ___ mmHg
Definition
dropped to 18.
Term
By the time it reaches the vena cava the pressure has dropped to ____ mmHg.
Definition
5.
Term
Where is pressure the lowest?
Definition
The veins.
Term
What does venous flow depend on?
Definition
Muscular and respiratory pump.
Term
The respiratory pump is regulated by the...
Definition
diaphragm.
Term
Is arterial blood pressure constant?
Definition
No.
Term
It _____ during ventricular contraction and ______ during ventricular relaxation.
Definition
rises/falls.
Term
What is systolic pressure?
Definition
The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular contraction.
Term
What is diastolic pressure?
Definition
The minimum blood pressure at the end of the ventricular relaxation phase.
Term
What is the average adult blood pressure?
Definition
120/80 mmHg.
Term
How is blood pressure written?
Definition
Systolic/Diastolic mmHg
Term
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?
Definition
Pulse pressure
Term
What is mean arterial pressure?
Definition
Adding one third of pulse pressure to diastolic pressure.
Term
Example of MAP:
Definition
80 + (120-80)/3 = 80 + 13.333... = 93.3mmHg
Term
What are the two ways that the blood pressure, volume and flow are regulated?
Definition
Neural and Hormonal regulation.
Term
What are baroreceptors? Where are they located?
Definition
Pressure-receptors. Located in the carotid sinuses, aorta, and right atrium.
Term
If a barorecptor senses a rise in blood pressure it...
Definition
signals the hypothalamus which triggers vasodialation which decreases heart rate and cardiac output.
Term
If a barorecptor senses a drop in blood pressure it...
Definition
signals hypothalamus which triggers vasoconstriction which increases heart rate and cardiac input.
Term
What do chemoreceptors do? Where are they located?
Definition
Detect changes in blood composition such as high CO2 or pH. Located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch.
Term
If a chemoreceptor senses high levels of CO2 in the blood it..
Definition
stimulates mechanisms to vasoconstrict to increase cardiac output and blood pressure to oxygenate the blood faster.
Term
How does Renin work and what is it released by?
Definition
When there is a drop in blood pressure/blood volume, a baroreceptor in the kidneys triggers the release of Renin which activates angiotensin I and is then converted to angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) INCREASE BP.
Term
How does ADH work and what is it released by?
Definition
Secreted by the pituitary gland. It enhances water retention in the kidneys which in turn enhances blood volume which INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE.
Term
How does aldosterone work and what is it released by?
Definition
Secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. It enhances the reabsorption of Na+ by the kidney which in turn increases water reabsorption and continues same process as ADH.
Term
How do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine work and what are they released by?
Definition
They are secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland and they INCREASE BP which increases cardiac output by VASOCONSTRICTION. Epipen!
Term
How do ANP and BNP work and what are they released by?
Definition
ANP is released by the right atrium when there is excessive blood volume or low BP. BNP is released by the muscle cells of the ventricles of the heart. BOTH decrease sodium reabsorption so there is an increase in salty pee so blood volume also decreases. Inhibit the release of ADH, aldosterone, epi and norepi.
Term
How does Nitric Oxide work and what is it released by?
Definition
It is a potent vasodialator that reduces peripheral resistance and BP. Can be released by any tissue in the body. VIAGRA.
Term
What is capillary exchange?
Definition
Diffusion by filtration and reabsorption mechanisms.
Term
Diffusion occurs continuously across _______ _____.
Definition
Capillary walls.
Term
Water ions and small organic molecules diffuse where?
Definition
Between adjacent endothelial cells or through the pores of the fenestrated capillaries.
Term
Na+ or K+ diffuse where?
Definition
Across endothelial cellsand pass through plasma membrane channels.
Term
Large water soluble compounds are unable to enter and leave the blood stream except where?
Definition
Fenestrated capillaries
Term
Plasma proteins are normally unable to cross the endothelial lining anywhere except?
Definition
Sinusoidal capillaries like those of the liver.
Term
Filtration refers to materials moving wher?
Definition
OUT OF THE BLOODSTREAM.
Term
Reabsorption refers to the movement of materials where?
Definition
INTO THE BLOODSTREAM.
Term
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure refers to?
Definition
A push out of the blood stream generated by fluids within the vessel. Filtration. Artery side. Positive number. Nutrients.
Term
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure refers to?
Definition
A suction INTO the bloodstream generated by large immovable plasma proteins. Reabsoption. Suck. Negative. Venous side. Wastes.
Term
How is net filtration pressure calculated?
Definition
CHP - BCOP = NFP
Term
If you get a positive number you are on the ______ side of the capillary bed.
Definition
Arterial.
Term
If you get a negative number you are on the ______ side of the capillary bed.
Definition
Venous.
Term
If there is no net filtration pressure, what is occuring?
Definition
Equal filtration and reabsorption.
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
chest pain related to coronary problems
Term
Aneurysm
Definition
Ballooning of blood vessel which increases risk of rupture
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
Plaque build-up within the vessel. Increases blood pressure.
Term
Cardiac Shock
Definition
Pump failure. Occurs when the heart is so inefficent that it cannot sustain adequate circulation.
Term
Cerebral Vascular Accident
Definition
Stroke. Reduced blood supply to brain
Term
Ischemia
Definition
Decreased blood flow to a tissue that will result in hypoxia - deficient oxygen
Term
Hypertension
Definition
High blood pressure - 140/90
Term
Hypotension
Definition
Low blood pressure - 90/60 or less.
Term
Myocardial Infarction
Definition
heart attack
Term
Sepsis
Definition
Widespread pathogenic infection of the tissues
Term
Septicemia
Definition
Widespread pathogenic infection of the blood
Term
Vascular shock
Definition
Occurs when blood volume is normal and constant but poor circulation results from extreme vasodialation dropping blood pressure.
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