Term
| What are the four functions of respiratory system? |
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Definition
1) exchange of gases between atm. and blood
2) homeostatic regulation of pH
3) prevent pathogens from coming in during inhalation
4) vocalization - being able to speak |
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Term
| What are two other functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference b/w air and blood |
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Definition
| air is compressible and non viscous |
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Term
| What are the four STEPS in respiration? |
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Definition
Air is taken into lungs
Exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w blood and lungs
Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
O2 is released to tissues and CO2 is taken up by blood |
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Term
| What does upper respiratory tract consist of? |
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Definition
| Mouth, Nasal Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx |
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Term
| What does lower respiratory tract consist of? |
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Definition
| Trachea, two bronchi, bronchi's branches, and lungs |
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Term
| Lower Respiratory Tract is also known as...? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the thoracic cage? |
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Definition
| bones and muscles of the thorax |
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Term
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Definition
| there are internal and external. connect ribs |
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Term
| Sternocleidomastoids and Scalenes |
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Definition
| run from neck to sternum and first 2 ribs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 of them. each surrounds a lung. 2 walls filled with pleural fluid |
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Term
| What are the 2 functions of the pleural fluid inside pleural sac? |
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Definition
| creates slippery surface between two layers of the sac. holds the lungs tight to the thoracic wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| common pathway for both FOOD and Air |
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Term
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Definition
| area just above the trachea. contains voicebox |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 main branches of trachea. each connects to a lung and branches further. |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny branches of bronchi which are collapsable and not covered in cartilage |
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Term
| why do bronchioles not have cartilage? |
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Definition
| because they need to exchange gases. cartilage would inhibit this. |
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Term
| What three conditioning processes does the upper tract do? |
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Definition
1) warms air to body temp
2) adds water vapor until saturated
3) filters out foreign materials |
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Term
| What does the epithelium in trachea and bronchi secrete? |
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Definition
| mucus and saline solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cilia move mucus upwards constantly |
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Term
| What 2 things can happen to mucus containing pathogens? |
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Definition
can be moved to pharynx and spit out
can be swallowed and destroyed in stomach |
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Term
| What 2 things do Type II Alveolar Cells do? |
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Definition
-secrete surfactant which aids in lung expansion
-also minimize amount of fluid present in alveoli by transporting solutes then water out of alveolar air space |
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Term
| what do Type I Alveolar Cells do? |
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Definition
| make up 95% of lung tissue. very thin for gas exchange. |
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Term
| Discuss lack of muscle cells on alveoli |
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Definition
| they dont have muscles because this would prevent gas exchange, but they contain elastin which creates recoil when lungs are stretched |
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Term
| How much blood in lungs vs rest of body? |
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Definition
| as much blood flows through lungs as rest of body |
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Term
| Pulmonary flow rate is ______ than other parts of body, yet the pulmonary pressure is ______ than avg blood pressure overall. |
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Definition
| Pulmonary flow rate is HIGHER than other parts of body, yet the pulmonary pressure is LOWER than avg blood pressure because of high area in lungs. |
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Term
| Pulmonary blood flow in pulmonary trunk (area right before it splits into two pulmonary arteries) is _____ to blood flow out of aorta. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Dalton's Gas Law? |
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Definition
| total pressure = sum of all pressures |
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Term
| How are pressure and volume related to temperature of gas? |
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Definition
PV = nRT
thus, higher Temp = higher P and V |
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Term
| If air is 21% oxygen, what is the partial pressure of oxygen? |
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Definition
Pressure x Percent of Gas
760mmHg x .21
ANSWER: 160mmHg |
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Term
| What instrument is used to measure volume of air moved with each breath? |
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Definition
Spirometer
(This sounds dumb, but there is a game called Spiro the dragon who exhales fire...may be a way to remember it) |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air that is left in lungs even after you have breathed out as much as possible. 1200mL |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air that you breathe in and out during normal breathing. 500mL |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| the max amount of air, on top of your tidal volume, that you can breathe in during a large inhalation. 3000mL |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| the max amount of air that you can expelled after normal expiration. 1100mL |
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Term
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Definition
| Sum of IRV, ERV, and TV. Basically, it would be the max amount of air that you exhale after a max inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the Vital Capacity + your Residual volume left over. It is the total volume of your lung. But you could never inhale/exhale this much because you can never exhale your residual volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| your tidal volume from a breath in + your inspiratory reserve volume |
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Term
| Functional Residual Capacity |
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Definition
| expiratory reserve volume + residual volume. Theoretically this is how much you could exhale if you could exhale all of your air (but you cant exhale your residual volume) |
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Term
| When you age, your Vital Capacity decreases, but your Total Capacity stays the same. What must be increasing then? |
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Definition
| your residual volume increases and this is the volume you can't use, so that's why old people such at breathing as much. |
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Term
| When you age, your Vital Capacity decreases, but your Total Capacity stays the same. What must be increasing then? |
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Definition
| your residual volume increases and this is the volume you can't use, so that's why old people such at breathing as much. |
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Term
| How are type I and type II alveoli different? |
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Definition
| type I are one cell layer while type II are thicker and produce surfactant |
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Term
| Internal Intercostals vs External Intercostals |
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Definition
Internal are used for exhalation
External are used for inhalation |
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Term
| Alveolar pressure is at minimum 1/2 way through ______ and is at a maximum 1/2 way through ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pressure of Interpleural Space |
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Definition
| Interpleural space is 3mmHg less than atm because the thoracic cage is pulling on outer membrane and lungs are pulling on inner membrane, so the volume of the interpleural space increases and is thus less than atm |
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Term
| What happens when you get stabbed in the lung? (Pneumothorax) |
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Definition
| the pleural cavity has air getting into it now, which releases the bond between the lung and the pleural membrane, so the membrane gets big and the lung collapses to an un-stretched state |
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Term
| Total Pulmonary Ventilation = ? x ? |
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Definition
| Ventilation Rate x Tidal Volume |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces in the trachea and bronchi that do not take part in gas exchange. 150mL |
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Term
| Velocity of air flow is highest in _____ and lowest in ______. |
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Definition
| Velocity of air flow is highest in trachea and lowest in bronchioles. |
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Term
| External Intercostal Muscles |
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Definition
| aid inhalation by expanding the ribs. antagonist of internal intercostals |
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Term
| Internal Intercostal Muscles |
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Definition
| contract and pull ribs inward which reduces volume of lungs for exhalation. antagonist of external intercostals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fast breathing that leads to hyperventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| stoppage of breathing whether it is voluntary or caused by CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| blue coloration of skin from lack of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of oxygen due to disease or from heavy exercise |
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Term
| How much of a normal 500mL breath reaches the alveoli and how much is left in dead space as stale air? |
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Definition
350 mL reaches alveoli
150 mL is stale air |
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Term
| When you breathe out 500 mL how much comes from alveoli? |
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Definition
| 350 comes from alveoli and 150 is from dead space. Alveoli breathes out 500 but 150 of it stays in dead space and doesnt get exhaled |
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