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Chapter 15
The World in 1450: Changing Balance of Power
7
History
10th Grade
11/03/2013

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Term
page 339

Zheng He
Definition
Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea trade expeditions under third Ming Emperor, Yunglo, between 1405 and 1433

Significance: -commanded many expeditions to Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea

Analyze: -expansion of territory and trade; power and wealth
Term
page 343

Renaissance
Definition
Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages

Significance: -major political and cultural movement in Europe
-stressed more secular topics in art and literature than those of medieval times

Analyze: -people were realizing corruptness of the church
-science and technology were reemerging; often more exciting than religion
Term
page 344

Francesco Petrarch

([PEE-trahrk] 1304-1374)
Definition
One of the major literary figures of the Western Renaissance; an Italian author and humanist

Significance: -literary works inspired many later authors and humanists, such as Shakespeare
-considered to be the first Renaissance humanist
-credited with creation of Petrarchan sonnet

Analyze: -romance with woman named Laura originally sparked his interest in writing
Term
page 344

Castile and Aragon
Definition
Both regional kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda

Significance: -instituted robust military and religious agenda
-believed government had the right to expel Jews and Arabs
-development of new governments promoted West's expansionism

Analyze: -Christians believed they were superior to other religions
-wanted to get rid of Muslim rulers
-religious mission and support allowed society to go on excursions and spread word of God, as well as trade
Term
page 345

Vivaldis
Definition
Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic

Significance: -disappeared while trying to find route to Indies
-forerunners of future explorers

Analyze: -mystery of Indies still remained, and therefore more investigation was needed
Term
page 345

Vasco de Gama
Definition
Portugese captain who sailed for India in 1497; established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean

Significance: -sailed for India; established Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean

Analyze: -compass and astrolabe allowed him to go on long voyage
-relationship needed to be established to enlarge trade routes
Term
page 346

Henry the Navigator
Definition
Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in 15th century; marked beginning of western European expansion

Significance: -led excursions along African coast; introduced commercial form of slavery
-funded expeditions that brought in Western plants, animals, weapons, and diseases

Analyze: -scientific and intellectual curiosity, religious extension, and financial interest
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