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Chapter 15*
The dynamic genome: transposable elements (mobile elements)
14
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/15/2013

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Term
Donor site
Definition
-where the mobile element comes from
Term
Target site
Definition
-where the mobile element is inserting itself
Term
Excision
Definition
-cutting the transposon out by transposase
Term
Integration
Definition
-insertion of mobile element (donor site) into target site
Term
Long interspersed element (LINE)
Definition
-type of retroposon
-much larger repeats
-encode for enzymes (reverse transcriptase and endonuclease) so that they can copy themselves and then move
Term
Short interspersed element (SINE)
Definition
-type of retroposon
-short repeats (smaller than 500 nt) that are found in between genes
-since they are so short, they rely on enzymes encoded elsewhere to make them jump
-do not encode their own reverse transcriptase
-mobilized by reverse transcriptase enzymes that are encoded by LINES residing in the genome
Term
Mobile group II intron
Definition
-encode a self-splicing intron, a reverse transcriptase and an endonuclease that generate new copies from RNA
-these are are no longer active in eukaryotic genomes - splicing of the now dead copies has been taken over by the cell’s splicing machinery
-Since their origin, the insertion of the other three classes of mobile element have slowly made the introns larger. (transposons, retrotranposons, and retroposons)

-almost 1/2 of the human genome is derived from transposable elements
Term
Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite
Definition
the concept that mobile elements are selfish (junk)
-suggested over 30 years ago
(these mobile elements have no purpose, just keep replicating and introns are getting bigger and bigger
Term
Transposon
Definition
-one of the major classes of mobile elements
-cut out and then moves to another chromosome
-encodes a protein transposase that cuts the element out of the chromosome and inserts it into another location of the genome
Term
Retrotransposon
Definition
-one of the major classes of mobile elements
-replicated and then cut out -> old and new copy
-encodes reverse transcriptase and transposase that generate new copies from RNA
Term
Retroposon
Definition
-one of the major classes of mobile elements
-encodes reverse transcriptase and endonuclease that also generate new copies from RNA
Term
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition
-synthesizes a copy of retrotransposon
Term
Transposition
Definition
-the movement of a DNA sequence from one site to another within the genome
-only the insertions into introns will remain in the population because they are less likely to cause a deleterious mutation
-a successful transposable element increases copy # without harming its host
Term
Transposase
Definition
the enzyme that cuts the transposase out
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