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chapter 15
immunity
32
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
05/23/2012

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Term
two types of defense mechanisms
Definition
innate-nonspecific
adaptive- specific

overlap can occur between the two
Term
innate immunity
Definition
inheirited
serves as the first line of defense against pathogens

(ex:stomach acid, fever, cells that engulf invaders)
Term
complement system
Definition
integrates innate and adaptive immunity
becomes activated when antibodies bind to antigens
promote phagocytosis, lysis, and inflammation
Term
phagocytic cells
Definition
neutrophills
and mononuclear phagocytic cells
Term
neutrophils
Definition
first to arrive at the site of infection
Term
mononuclear phagocytic cells
Definition
consists of
monocytes -in the blood
and
macrophages-in the tissues
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
pathogen becomes engulfed by psudopods
vacuole with pathogen fuses with lysosome
pathogen becomes digested
Term
endogenous pyrogen
Definition
sets the body temperature higher, fever sets in
regulated by the hypothalamus
produced as cytokine by leukocytes
Term
interferons
Definition
3 types
alpha beta and gamma
antiviral polypeptides produced by infected cells
Term
adaptive immunity
Definition
aquired immunity built over time
mediated by antibodies and antigens
Term
antigens
Definition
cell surface molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies
Term
immunoassays
Definition
tests that uses specific antibodies to identify specific antigens

used to test for blood type and pregnancy
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
thymus spleen and lymph nodes, derived from stem cells in the bone marrow
Term
t lymphocytes
Definition
thymus, then go to blood, attack cells that seed fungal infections, virus, and cancer. dont produce antibodies.
Term
b lymphocytes
Definition
come directly from the bone marrow, combat bacterial and some viral infections
secrete antibodies,humoral immunity
Term
mast cells
Definition
produce warmth swelling and pain and recruit more leukocytes
Term
b lymphocytes
Definition
exposure to a specific antigen initiates b lymphocyte response

some become memory cells become plasma cells and produce up to 2000 antibodies/second
Term
antibodies
Definition
also known as immunoglobulins
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE
Term
cytotoxic t lymphocytes
Definition
destroy body cells that harbor foreign antigens
Term
cytotoxic t cells destroy other cells by
Definition
secreting perforins to make a pore in the cells
secreting granzymes to make cell undergo apoptosis
Term
helper t lymphocytes
Definition
improve b cells ability to become plasma cells and improve the ability of cytotoxic t cells to kill targets
Term
lymphokines
Definition
cytokines specific to lymphocytes

stimulate be cell or cytotoxic t cell activity
Term
dendritic cells
Definition
originate in the bone marrow and migrate to most tissues, engulf antigens, and partially digest them
Term
histocombatability antigens
Definition
on the surface of all blood cells EXCEPT mature RBC's
Term
MHC classes
Definition
class 1- all blood cells except mature rbc's (helper t lymphocytes)

class 2- made by antigen presenting cells and b cells (cytotoxic t cells)
Term
macrophages secrete
Definition
interleukin 1
Term
helper t cells secrete
Definition
macrophage colony stimulating factor
Term
t cells secrete
Definition
interleukin 2....tumor necrosis factor
Term
tumors
Definition
abnormal clonal cells that dedifferentiate to an embryonic state
Term
tumor cells and lymphocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes provide immunological surveillance against cancer
Term
natural killer cells
Definition
do not have the ability to recognize specific antigens part of innate immunity must be activated by cytokines and dendritic cells
Term
autoimmunity
Definition
produced by failure of immune cells to tolerate self antigens
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