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Chapter 14
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22
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2012

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Term
A central molecule in metabolism used to transfer acyl groups in acyl transfer reactions.
Contains a thioester functional group
Definition
Acetyl CoA
Term
The study of energy transfer in reactions occurring in living cells.
Definition
Bioenergetics
Term
The combustion of carbs, proteins, and triglycerides to produce energy in the form of ATP.
Requires energy.
Definition
Cellular Respiration
Term
A measure of the change in the degree of randomness or disorder in a reaction or physical change.
Definition
Change in entropy, ^S
Term
An important catabolic cycle that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl CoA is converted into two molecules of CO2 and coenzyme A. Three molecules of NADH and one FADH2 are formed from three NAD+ and one FAD.
Definition
Citric acid cycle
Term
Large enzyme complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where the oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron-transport chain occur.
Definition
Complexes I-IV
Term
When an endergonic reaction occurs together with an exergonic reaction so that both reactions will be spontaneous.
Definition
Coupling reactions
Term
A reaction in which carbon dioxide is expelled from the reactant.
Definition
Decarboxylation reaction
Term
A series of protein complexes that successively carry electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen in the last stage of catabolism. As electrons move through the electron-transport chain, protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a protein gradient.
Definition
Electron-transport chain
Term
A nonspontaneous reaction with a positive value for the change in free energy, ^G > 0.
Definition
Endergonic reaction
Term
A spontaneous reaction with a negative value for the change in free energy, ^G < 0.
Definition
Exergonic reaction
Term
the energy available to do work. ^G = ^H - (T^S). A positive free energy is indicative of a nonspontaneous reaction, and a negative free energy is indicative of a spontaneous reaction.
Definition
Free energy ^G
Term
A selectively permeable membrane that separates the matrix from the intermembrane space in a mitochondrion.
Definition
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
The aqueous region of a mitochondrion located between the outer membrane, and the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has a higher proton concentration than the matrix.
Definition
Intermembrane space
Term
The aqueous region in the center of a mitochondrion, bounded by the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is the region where the citric acid cycle, B-oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation occur.
Definition
Matrix
Term
Organelles within the cell where energy is produced: B-oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Definition
Mitochondrion
Term
A reaction or physical change that requires the continual supply of energy in order to proceed; ^G > 0.
Definition
Nonspontaneous reaction
Term
The outer semipermeable membrane of a mitochondrion-it encloses and defines the mitochondrion.
Definition
Outer membrane
Term
The final stage of catabolism wherein the electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through the electron transport chain, while simultaneously pumping protons across the inner membrane to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase allows protons to flow back into the matrix, releasing the energy to drive phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
A difference in proton concentration between regions. In a mitochondrion there is a proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix.
Definition
Proton gradient
Term
The potential energy produced as a result of a protein gradient established between the matrix and the intermembrane space that is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
Definition
Proton-motive force
Term
A reaction that continues on its own once started, without the continuous supply of energy; ^G < 0.
Definition
Spontaneous reaction
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