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| Plants contain large amounts of water. Water makes up a large amount of their _____________ . |
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Plants use water for several purposes:
1. Photosynthesis: For each molecule of glucose made by plants, 6 or more molecules of _____________ must be broken apart. |
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Plants use water for several purposes:
2. Tugor: _____________ herbaceous parts of a plant. |
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Plants use water for several purposes:
3. Hydrolysis: Plants often _____________ _____________ large molecules by adding water molecules or parts of water molecules. |
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Plants use water for several purposes:
4. Translocation: The materials in a plant can be _____________ on if they are _____________ in water. |
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SOIL:
Most plants cannot _____________ the water that falls on their leaves. However, their leaves can be arranged to allow water to fall at their bases. _____________ tips then absorb the water. |
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Soil texture: the _____________ of soil particles is a major factor in the amount of water that soil can contain. The inorganic parts of the soil that affect soil texture are:
Gravel
Silt
Sand
Clay
The mixture of these elements is called _____________ |
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| Topsoil is composed of _____________, living organisms and _____________ (dead organic matter.) Living material makes up to 10% of the weight of good soil. |
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| What do you think is the function of the living things in the soil? |
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| Break down leaves and dead animals into absorbable materials that plants can use. |
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| Pore space: the ability of the soil to contain _____________ and _____________ is determined by the pore spaces. |
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| Small soil particles have less space between them; therefore soils with high concentration of _____________ particles, such as clay, absorb water slowly but remain moist for a long time. |
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| Sandy soils absorb water readily but the water quickly passes through the soil making it _____ quickly. |
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Types of water in the soil:
Runoff: _________ which does not enter the soil (unusable to plants. Occurs when water is accumulating more quickly than it can be absorbed. It either collects in puddles or runs downhill. |
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| Types of water in the soil: Gravitational water: Water that passes through the soil to the water table and is out of reach for most plants. Some plants can send _____________ down to the water table. |
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| Types of water in the soil: Capillary Water: Water held between particles of the soil (can be _________ by plants) |
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| Types of water in the soil: Hydroscopic: Film around soil particles after capillary water is gone but is _____________ to plants. |
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| Water Absorption: Concentration of water molecules outside of the root is higher and the concentration of solutes inside the cell is higher creating a concentration gradient which permits water to move into the plant by _____________. This is called active transport because the cell must expend energy to transport the water. |
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| Most water enters the plant by another method. As a plant is growing and carrying on photosynthesis, water is drawn away from the roots by the upper part of the plant, and the cells in the root lose their _____________. The water concentration in the root cells lowers, and water molecules are drawn into the cell. This is called passive absorption because the plant does not expend _____________ to make it happen. |
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| The movement of water and dissolved minerals within a plant is called _____________. In small plants osmosis and diffusion are enough to move minerals and water around a plant (very important to bryophytes who lack vascular tissues). |
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translocation
osmosis
diffusion |
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| Translocation was once thought to be the result of _____________. Water rises slightly on the surfaces of its container. Water will rise in a thin tube but this doesn't explain how water reaches tree leaves. Capillarity isn't strong enough to move water this distance. |
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| Transpiration: Water is constantly _____________ from the leaves of plants. A typical maple tree absorbs 800 pounds of water in a day but only uses 0.8 lb of this water. The rest passes out of the _____________. |
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| Cohesion: the property of water molecules that causes them to “stick together” resulting in water beads and _____________ _____________. |
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| Scientists believe that water moves like you drink out of a straw. As molecules are moved from the top, additional molecules rush in at the bottom. This method of translocation is known as “________________ __________________ theory”. |
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| Turgor: The presence of water inside a plant cell in sufficient quantity to give the cell _____________. In hot conditions there may be less water in the soil resulting in temporary _____________. The stomata closes which decreases transpiration. Water still escapes causing a temporary droop. When conditions return to normal the plants stiffness will return. |
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| Sometimes insects, fungi or other factors cause permanent wilting because of _____________ to the vascular tissues. |
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| Plants absorb certain minerals but the sun is the main energy source for ________ manufactured in plants. |
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| Different plants require different amount of certain minerals. However, some plants are not able to use elements in their free state. Example: nitrogen which cannot be absorbed from the _____________ but must be drawn up from the _____________ in the form of nitrates or ammonium ions. |
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| Farmers must _____________ crops to replenish nutrients in soil. _____________ zaps nitrogen and must be replenished by plants such as _____________ which can grow nitrogen- poor soil and add it back in. _____________ are a common additive to support healthy soil. |
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rotate
cotton
peanuts
fertilizers |
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| Another way of replenishing minerals is by adding _____________ _____________ material called mulch. |
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| If a plant is growing in a soil that has too many soluble materials (overfertilization) there is a higher concentration of ions outside the cell. Now the materials move into the cell in large amounts and water moves out resulting in _____________ (cell death) |
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| Some plants are _____________. They have leaves designed to catch and digest insects. They do not obtain energy from the insects (photosynthesis) but use them for _____________ which is lacking in their soils. |
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| Discovery of Auxins/hormones. Plant hormones are chemical growth regulators produced in minute amounts by the _____________ regions and usually only affect nearby undifferentiated cells. |
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| Went did an experiment on oat seeding coleoptiles which demonstrated the presence of a certain substance produced in the coleoptiles that caused elongation. This chemical (a hormone) was later isolated and named an ______. |
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| If the amount of auxins decreases then this triggers the abscission layer at the base of the petiole in leaves to form cork cells. Increasing this can delay this process. Auxins can also cause unfertilized flowers to develop into ________________ fruits. |
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| One fungus produced a chemical that causes sprouts to grow rapidly. This chemical was isolated in Japan and called gibberellin. Gibberellin stimulates both cell _____________ and cell _____________ in leaves and stems. |
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| Abscissic acid stimulates the _____________ of leaves and fruits. If applied to growing tips, it forces the formation of dormant buds. This is more of an inhibitor to plant growth hormones. |
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| Thigmotropism: the response to _____________. Positive thigmotropism causes elongation on a stem on the opposite side touched. Morning glories, grapes and peas exhibit this as they _____________ around object nearby. |
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| Chemotropism: the growth response toward or away from certain _____________ |
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| Hydrotropism: The growth of roots toward _____________. However, this is controversial. Water just stimulates roots to grown more rapidly. Roots cannot sense the presence of water and turn toward it. |
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Plants and Light:
Plants differ in many areas. Some need different temperatures, amounts of water, hormones, nutrients and some need differing amounts of _______ |
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| Plants that do not receive enough light are _____________. Stem growth is rapid, but both size and number of leaves is greatly reduces. The plant looks like it is stretching for light, and is usually pale yellow or pale green or even white. The stem elongates abnormally because _____________ are not being destroyed by light. |
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| Some plants have _____________ leaves for times of shade and times of sunshine which differ in structure. |
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Photoperiodism: Plants flowering are affected by the length of the day and night. Short day plants: flower when the period of light is _____________ than 12 hours
EX: poinsettias, goldenrods, asters, soybeans, corn and strawberries
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Long-day plants: Flower when the period of light is _____________ than 12 hours.
EX: Sunflowers, irises, radishes |
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Neutral-day plants: flower independently of the photoperiod. They will flower ____________ if temp, moisture, and other conditions remain favorable.
EX Roses, carnations, beans, tomatoes, snapdragons, marigolds, and zinnias.
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| Some plants won't flower if the photoperiod is off by ____ minutes. |
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