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Chapter 13
The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
26
History
10th Grade
10/23/2013

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Cards

Term
page 291

Taika reforms
Definition
Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army

Significance: -Japanese tried to emulate imperial and bureaucratic system of China

Analyze: -they admired the Chinese's ability to successfully control large populations of people and exert strong influences
Term
page 294

The Tale of Genji
by Lady Murasaki
Definition
First novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for style of Japanese society

Significance: -first novel in any language
-provides insight into Japanese society (especially materialism and aesthetic desires)

Analyze: -author wanted to record facts about Japan for future researchers
Term
page 295

Fujiwara
Definition
Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th cent.; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power

Significance: -packed upper administration with family members
-used wealth to build large estates
-part of reasons for imperial decline

Analyze: -desire for power overwhelmed ability to see coming threats of local lords and warrior elites
Term
page 296

Bushi
Definition
Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

Significance: -ruled small states (law, revenues, public works, etc.)
-built up armies

Analyze: -used power and force to control communities
Term
page 297

Samurai
Definition
Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor

Significance: -served bushi
-served as bodyguards during times of political turmoil and high crime rates

Analyze: -imperial control was weakening and a new form of protection was necessary
Term
page 297

Sepukku
Definition
Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in west as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and means of restoring family honor

Significance: -demonstrated chivalric code of Japan and willingness to die for honor

Analyze: -death was a better option than defeat
-dying would restore honor to soldier's family
Term
page 297

Taira
Definition
Powerful Japanese family in the 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars

Significance: -temporarily controlled emperor and dominated at court
-defeated by Minamoto commanders and allies

Analyze: -primary focus of gaining power, based in capital, led to allies abandoning Taira
Term
page 297

Minamoto
Definition
Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and est. military government (bafuku) in 12th century Japan

Significance: -defeated Taira family
-established bafuku system

Analyze: -strong alliances with provincial lords
-rural lords typically sided with Minamoto
Term
page 297

Gempei Wars
Definition
Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira

Significance: -five year struggle between Taira and Minamoto families
-brought great struggle to peasantry

Analyze: -untrained peasants were easily defeated by samurai
Term
page 297

bafuku
Definition
Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military gov't and samurai

Significance: -marked beginning of feudal age in Japan
-bafuku established after Gempei Wars

Analyze: -power rested in hands of Minamoto and samurai retainers, hence the emergence of feudal principles
Term
page 297

Shoguns
Definition
Military leaders of the bafuku (military governments in Japan)

Significance: -led the bafuku
-feared by elite members of society

Analyze: -shoguns often thought to be imperial spies
-strong influence over military
Term
page 297

Hojo
Definition
Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated MInamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japanese emperor at Kyoto.

Significance: -most power rested in hands of Hojo, who technically had power over Minamoto, who ruled in name of Japanese emperor

Analyze: -manipulation of MInamoto family by Hojo, which was a strong warrior family
Term
page 297

Ashikaga Takuaji
Definition
Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino

Significance: -drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino and eventually caused period of civil strife

Analyze: -absence of emperor and puppet emperors in his place created social unrest
Term
page 297

Ashikaga Shogunate
Definition
Replaced Kamakura regime in Japan; r. 1336-1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority

Significance: -able to destroy Yoshino and dethrone emperor

Analyze: -strong leader (Ashikaga Takuaji) and well-trained samurai
Term
page 298

Daimyos
Definition
Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states

Significance: -divided 300 small states amongst kingdoms and their daimyos

Analyze: -civil strife and social disruption due to fall of imperial capital and Ashikaga Shogunate created opening for rises in power amongst provincial lords
Term
page 302

Choson
Definition
Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 BCE

Significance: -first Korean kingdom, later influenced by China

Analyze: -conquering by Han emperor allowed new relationships to develop between China and Korea
Term
page 302

Koguryo
Definition
Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 BCE; adopted cultural Sinification

Significance: -first Korean civilization to adopt so much of Chinese culture

Analyze: -contact with splinter kingdoms of China, after imperial control had weakened, produced the first wave of Sinification
Term
page 303

Silla
Definition
Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668

Significance: -Chinese influence affected Korea and first flowering of culture emerged

Analyze: -Silla admired Tang empire and strove to be like it, and therefore sent tributaries to China to report on latest trends and cultural innovations (also for repayment)
Term
page 303

Paekche
Definition
Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century

Significance: -kingdom played a role in rivalry with Silla
-in part responsible for Sinification in Korea

Analyze: -defeat by Silla and Tang required the Silla to pay tribute to China for their aid; Chinese culture was thus introduced to Korea
Term
page 303

Sinification
Definition
Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam

Significance: -heavily influenced development of Vietnam and Japan, especially in cultural aspects
-not as influential in Vietnam

Analyze: -trade and tribute systems created relationships between regions and integrated Chinese culture into them
-less impact on Vietnam due to varying belief systems in culture, social systems, and politics
Term
page 305

Yi
Definition
Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence

Significance: -restored aristocratic dominance
-reintroduced Chinese influence

Analyze: -Yi were content remaining in shadow of Chinese and admired their ways of life
Term
page 305

Khmers
Definition
Indianized rivals of Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to south

Significance: -intermarried with Viets
-rivals of Koreans

Analyze: -Vietnamese were much more tolerant towards other cultures, whereas Koreans were more close-minded (probably an acquired trait learned from the Chinese)
Term
page 307

Trung Sisters
Definition
Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society

Significance: -shows significance of woman in Vietnamese society and the power they could exert

Analyze: -conflicting cultures kept Chinese from completely influencing Vietnamese lifestyles and social systems; geographical barriers spurred varying types of refinement
Term
page 309

Chams
Definition
Indianized rivals of Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south

Significance: -one of main Vietnamese rivals
-driven into highlands by Vietnamese

Analyze: -Vietnamese really wanted to move south and viewed Chams as uncivilized and barbaric
Term
page 310

Nguyen
Definition
Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue

Significance: -challenged claims of legitimacy of Trinh

Analyze: -like their rivals, they desired all of Vietnam to be united by one single monarch
Term
page 310

Trinh
Definition
Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south

Significance: -long rivalry with Nguyen family

Analyze: -same as rivals, desired Vietnam to be united by one single monarch
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