Term
_____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal and include adrenaline and noradrenaline.
A)
Corticosteroids
B)
Lymphocytes
C)
Teratogens
D)
Catecholamines
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Mrs. Anderson had a stroke that left her partly paralyzed and cognitively impaired, her husband took care of her. After four months, Mr. Anderson has adjusted to the daily routine, but he seems tense, and his ability to cope with new stressors is diminished. It is very likely that Mr. Anderson is now in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, but if the situation gets worse and continues for a prolonged period of time, he may enter the _____ stage.
A)
alarm; resistance
B)
resistance; exhaustion
C)
exhaustion; alarm
D)
alarm; exhaustion
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As compared to men, women are more likely to ____ under stressful circumstances.
A)
exercise
B)
eat chocolate
C)
seek out social support
D)
engage in confrontive coping |
|
Definition
C)
seek out social support |
|
|
Term
Robert Ader is to _____ as Hans Selye is to _____.
A)
fight-or-flight syndrome; psychoneuroimmunology
B)
tend-and-befriend response; fight-or-flight syndrome
C)
general adaptation syndrome; fight-or-flight syndrome
D)
psychoneuroimmunology; general adaptation syndrome
|
|
Definition
D)
psychoneuroimmunology; general adaptation syndrome
|
|
|
Term
Dr. Kelly is a researcher in the interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology. Like most other specialists in this field, Dr. Kelly would most likely DISAGREE with which of the following statements?
A)
The surfaces of lymphocytes contain receptor sites for neurotransmitters and hormones, including catecholamines and cortisol.
B)
Lymphocytes themselves produce neurotransmitters and hormones.
C)
The central nervous system and the immune system are directly linked.
D)
The immune system response cannot be classically conditioned. |
|
Definition
D)
The immune system response cannot be classically conditioned.
|
|
|
Term
According to research presented in the In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress, when they come home after a stressful day at work, fathers are more likely to _____ but mothers are more likely to ____.
A)
initiate conflicts with or withdraw from family members; be more nurturing toward their children
B)
be more nurturing toward their children; withdraw from contact with family members
C)
seek out social support from their male friends; seek out social support from their female friends
D)
engage in problem-focused coping; engage in emotion-focused coping |
|
Definition
A)
initiate conflicts with or withdraw from family members; be more nurturing toward their children |
|
|
Term
According to Martin Seligman, a person who reacts to negative events with an optimistic explanatory style uses:
A)
internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.
B)
excuses for not getting things accomplished and is a chronic procrastinator.
C)
external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.
D)
an escape-avoidance coping style. |
|
Definition
C)
external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events. |
|
|
Term
The final exam period was very stressful for Maria, and at the end of the semester she got very sick with a viral infection. Her body's _____ will produce _____ to help fight against the virus.
A)
endocrine system; endorphins
B)
parasympathetic nervous system; dopamine
C)
immune system; lymphocytes
D)
central nervous system; catecholamines
|
|
Definition
C)
immune system; lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
Lacking a sense of control over stressful events can result in a(n):
A)
improvement in immune system functioning.
B)
decrease in corticosteroid and catecholamine levels.
C)
increase in corticosteroid and catecholamine levels.
D)
decrease in catecholamines and an increase in corticosteroids.
|
|
Definition
C)
increase in corticosteroid and catecholamine levels. |
|
|
Term
Dr. Gordon uses the biopsychosocial model to guide her research into how psychological factors influence health, illness, and treatment. Dr. Gordon is most likely a:
A)
health psychologist.
B)
social psychologist.
C)
neuroscientist.
D)
psychoneuroimmunologist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Ramona encountered a new cultural environment she was faced with two fundamental questions: "Should I seek positive relations with the dominant society?" and "Is my original culture of value to me, and should I try to maintain it?" Which of the following is NOT one of the four possible patterns of acculturation that Ramona might adopt?
A)
integration
B)
assimilation
C)
acceptance
D)
separation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People who must cope with crime, poverty, substandard housing, and unemployment in their everyday environment often experience:
A)
marginalization.
B)
approach-avoidance conflicts.
C)
acculturative stress.
D)
chronic stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nikki, an air traffic controller, experiences prolonged and chronic stress. According to Hans Selye, Nikki is probably experiencing high levels of:
A)
androgens.
B)
lymphocytes.
C)
catecholamines.
D)
corticosteroids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Andy suffered from chronic back pain. After weeks of unsuccessful treatment, Andy's doctor gave him some pill samples, describing them as a new experimental medication for back pain. In reality, the pills were just sugar pills and contained no medication at all. After a few days, Andy's backache was much better. Andy's response to the sugar pills is an example of:
A)
emotion-focused coping.
B)
the placebo effect.
C)
problem-focused coping.
D)
the general adaptation syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Faced with the financial and personal problems associated with returning to school as an adult student, Amanda estimated how much she would need to live on, how much time she could devote to working, and how much study time she would need to succeed academically. Amanda is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.
A)
problem-focused; denial
B)
emotion-focused; escape-avoidance
C)
problem-focused; planful problem solving
D)
emotion-focused; confrontive coping |
|
Definition
C)
problem-focused; planful problem solving |
|
|
Term
One way researchers try to disentangle the relationship between personality and health is by conducting carefully controlled prospective studies. The important aspect of this research approach is that:
A)
an initially healthy group of subjects are assessed on variables thought to be risk factors and are tracked over a period of time.
B)
neither the experimenters nor the subjects know the nature of the research.
C)
it provides correlational data that indicate how the two variables are related without ruling out the possibility of some third, unidentified factor.
D)
the subjects, but not the experimenters, know the nature of the research.
|
|
Definition
A)
an initially healthy group of subjects are assessed on variables thought to be risk factors and are tracked over a period of time.
|
|
|
Term
Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to her in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on her by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)
Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term.
B)
Helena will not be affected adversely by this situation.
C)
The positive effects of social support always outweigh any potential drawbacks.
D)
Compared to people with only a small network of social relationships, Helena is likely to be relatively free of stress. |
|
Definition
A)
Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)
Women tend to rely most heavily on the relationship with their spouse for social support.
B)
Men are just as likely as women as to experience the stress contagion effect.
C)
Along with their spouse, men typically list two or three close male friends as confidants that they rely on for social support.
D)
The more extensive social networks of women can have both positive and negative health consequences.
|
|
Definition
D)
The more extensive social networks of women can have both positive and negative health consequences. |
|
|
Term
The In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress presents Shelley Taylor's proposal that women "tend-and-befriend" in response to stress. In this model, "tend" refers to:
A)
becoming physiologically aroused.
B)
seeking social support.
C)
withdrawing from the stressor and taking care of their own emotional needs.
D)
taking cover and protecting offspring.
|
|
Definition
D)
taking cover and protecting offspring. |
|
|
Term
The In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress presents Shelley Taylor's proposal that women "tend-and-befriend" in response to stress. In this model, "befriend" refers to:
A)
taking cover and protecting offspring.
B)
seeking social support, protection, and resources from others.
C)
trying to calm oneself down through emotion-focused coping strategies.
D)
rallying others to help fight or overcome a threat. |
|
Definition
B)
seeking social support, protection, and resources from others. |
|
|
Term
After three successful weeks on her low-fat diet, Luella goes to the cafeteria for lunch and is torn between sticking to her diet by having steamed vegetables or having one of her favorite high-fat dishes, fettuccine alfredo. Luella is probably experiencing a(n) _____ conflict.
A)
approach-avoidance
B)
avoidance-avoidance
C)
approach-approach
D)
escape-avoidance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Robert and Beth are a married couple in their late-30s and have different professional careers. They also have an eight-year-old son named Noah, two cats, a nervous gerbil, and relatives that live in the same city. Based on what you have read in the text, which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE?
A)
Beth is less likely than Robert to be upset by negative events that happen to their relatives.
B)
Robert is more likely to rely on his male relatives than Beth for social support when he feels troubled by personal matters.
C)
Beth probably has higher cortisol levels than Robert.
D)
The health benefits of being married are greater for Robert than they are for Beth. |
|
Definition
D)
The health benefits of being married are greater for Robert than they are for Beth.
|
|
|
Term
Research on the relationship between daily hassles and psychological distress and physical symptoms has shown that the:
A)
frequency of daily hassles is unrelated to psychological distress and physical illness.
B)
number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of major life events experienced.
C)
number of major life events people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of daily hassles experienced.
D)
more hassles you experience the less likely you are to suffer psychological distress and physical illness.
|
|
Definition
B)
number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of major life events experienced. |
|
|
Term
When Rachel completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) her score, based on events during the previous year, was 350 life change units. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)
Rachel will almost certainly develop severe psychological and physical problems.
B)
It is not possible to make an accurate prediction about Rachel's future health because scores on the SRRS are only weakly correlated with the development of physical and psychological problems.
C)
Rachel's low score indicates that she has experienced very few problems or hassles during the past year.
D)
Positive life events in Rachel's life will offset any stress caused by negative life events.
|
|
Definition
B)
It is not possible to make an accurate prediction about Rachel's future health because scores on the SRRS are only weakly correlated with the development of physical and psychological problems. |
|
|
Term
In their research, Dr. Grayson and his colleagues discovered there was a link between the number of daily hassles people experienced and psychological distress and physical ailments, such as headaches and backaches. One explanation for this phenomenon is that:
A)
while each minor stressor may be relatively unimportant in itself, the effect of daily hassles can be cumulative.
B)
even a minor daily hassle produces more stress than a major life event.
C)
daily hassles tend to stimulate immune system responses and increase their effectiveness.
D)
people who are illness-prone are more likely to experience daily hassles.
|
|
Definition
A)
while each minor stressor may be relatively unimportant in itself, the effect of daily hassles can be cumulative. |
|
|
Term
The definition of _____ is a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope.
A)
conflict
B)
stress
C)
a stressor
D)
appraisal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Michelle uses regular aerobic exercise to minimize the physical effects of stress; Justine uses meditation and progressive muscle relaxation for the same reason. Which of the following statements about minimizing the physical effects of stress is TRUE?
A)
Neither Michelle nor Justine's strategies are likely to have any effect on their physical well-being.
B)
Michelle is likely to benefit from her exercise regime, but the relaxation techniques used by Justine have no known benefits.
C)
Both Michelle and Justine's strategies are likely to have beneficial effects on their physical well-being.
D)
Michele is not likely to benefit from her exercise regime, but the relaxation techniques used by Justine are proven techniques for minimizing stress. |
|
Definition
C)
Both Michelle and Justine's strategies are likely to have beneficial effects on their physical well-being. |
|
|
Term
In studying the relationship between stress and susceptibility to the common cold, psychologist Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues have found that:
A)
when they are exposed to a cold virus, people who are under chronic stress are much more likely to develop colds than people who are not under chronic stress.
B)
level of stress plays virtually no role in susceptibility to colds.
C)
the greatest predictor of getting a cold was whether or not people ate breakfast.
D)
people with a Type B personality pattern are much more susceptible to colds and other infections than those with a Type A personality. |
|
Definition
A)
when they are exposed to a cold virus, people who are under chronic stress are much more likely to develop colds than people who are not under chronic stress. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following types of conflict, generally speaking, produces the highest levels of stress?
A)
approach-approach conflicts
B)
approach-avoidance conflicts
C)
avoidance-avoidance conflicts
D)
All of these conflicts produce the same level of stress. |
|
Definition
B)
approach-avoidance conflicts |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a potential drawback of social support?
A)
When other people are perceived as being judgmental, their presence may increase the individual's physical reaction to the stressor.
B)
Stress may increase when well-meaning friends or family members offer unwanted or inappropriate social support.
C)
Being too helpful and overprotective, especially when dealing with sick people, may undermine self-confidence and slow physical recovery.
D)
Individuals who accept social support from others risk being labeled as weak, dependent, or incompetent. |
|
Definition
D)
Individuals who accept social support from others risk being labeled as weak, dependent, or incompetent.
|
|
|
Term
In a study that focused on married couples, researchers investigated possible gender differences in the frequency of daily hassles. What did the study show?
A)
Women experienced more daily hassles and higher levels of stress than their husbands.
B)
Men experienced more daily hassles and higher levels of stress than their wives.
C)
There were no gender differences in the number of daily hassles experienced.
D)
Although the women reported more daily hassles than their husbands, they experienced significantly less stress because they used more effective coping strategies. |
|
Definition
A)
Women experienced more daily hassles and higher levels of stress than their husbands. |
|
|
Term
In a study described in the text, over 250 doctors were monitored for their health status beginning when they were in medical school. What did the study find over the course of 25 years?
A)
Compared to the matched control group of non-physicians, the doctors experienced far more acute colds and infections due to their daily exposure to sick people.
B)
Emergency room physicians were far less likely to have developed a chronic disease than physicians specializing in skin diseases.
C)
Those doctors who scored low on hostility were much more likely to be alive at age 50 than those doctors who scored high on hostility.
D)
The physicians who worked alone in a private practice were far more likely to display Type A behavior patterns than physicians who worked in a group practice or hospital setting.
|
|
Definition
C)
Those doctors who scored low on hostility were much more likely to be alive at age 50 than those doctors who scored high on hostility. |
|
|
Term
The body system that produces specialized white blood cells that defend the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells is called the _____ system.
A)
sympathetic nervous
B)
endocrine
C)
immune
D)
parasympathetic nervous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Yoko is very dedicated to her career as a partner in a large, prestigious law firm. She often works sixty hours a week and thoroughly enjoys the challenges of her high-pressure job. Yoko hates to waste time because keeping up with the demands of family life and her career require that she manage her time very efficiently. Although she is very ambitious, Yoko is also a good-natured person who rarely raises her voice and never has an unkind word to say about anyone. Based on this description, you could probably conclude that:
A)
because of her extremely stressful lifestyle, Yoko probably has very high levels of corticosteroids.
B)
Yoko is at a very high risk for coronary disease and other health problems.
C)
because Yoko is low in hostility, her risk of developing coronary disease is no higher than that of anyone else.
D)
since Yoko is a female, she is unlikely to develop coronary disease despite her Type A behavior. |
|
Definition
C)
because Yoko is low in hostility, her risk of developing coronary disease is no higher than that of anyone else |
|
|
Term
Tangible support is to _____ as informational support is to _____.
A)
direct assistance, such as financial aid; helpful suggestions and advice
B)
expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard; direct assistance, such as financial aid
C)
helpful suggestions and advice; expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard
D)
expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard; helpful suggestions and advice |
|
Definition
A)
direct assistance, such as financial aid; helpful suggestions and advice |
|
|
Term
Compared to physically inactive people, physically fit people:
A)
are less physiologically reactive to stressors and produce lower levels of stress hormones.
B)
respond more vigorously to stressful situations because of their heightened physiological arousal due to exercise.
C)
pass through the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome more quickly.
D)
are likely to have higher levels of catecholamines and corticosteroids. |
|
Definition
A)
are less physiologically reactive to stressors and produce lower levels of stress hormones. |
|
|
Term
_____ is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.
A)
Biopsychosociology
B)
Psychosociobiology
C)
Psychoneuroimmunology
D)
Endobiology
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Early stress researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe:
A)
showed that disruptions in personal relationships were the strongest predictors of heart disease and cancer.
B)
developed the theory called general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
C)
demonstrated that the immune system could be classically conditioned.
D)
believed that any change that required a person to adjust their behavior or lifestyle would cause stress. |
|
Definition
D)
believed that any change that required a person to adjust their behavior or lifestyle would cause stress.
|
|
|
Term
The branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors is called:
A)
social psychology.
B)
biological psychology.
C)
health psychology.
D)
psychoneuroimmunology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Health psychology is guided by the _____ model of health, illness, and well-being.
A)
stress and coping
B)
biopsychosocial
C)
fight-or-flight
D)
life events |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Konya emigrated to the United States he found it very difficult to adapt to the new culture. Konya probably experienced:
A)
an avoidance-avoidance conflict.
B)
acculturative stress.
C)
separation-integration stress.
D)
the fight-or-flight response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most people use multiple coping strategies in stressful situations. In the initial stages we often rely on _____ to help us step back emotionally from a problem, but once we've regained our emotional equilibrium, we may rely more on _____ to identify potential solutions to the situation.
A)
confrontive coping; emotion-focused coping strategies
B)
emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies
C)
problem-focused coping strategies; emotion-focused coping strategies
D)
confrontive coping; distancing |
|
Definition
B)
emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies |
|
|
Term
Brandon came down with viral pneumonia. His body's immune system will produce _____ to defend him against the infection.
A)
lymphocytes
B)
androgens
C)
corticosteroids
D)
catecholamines
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People in the _____ socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the _____ levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.
A)
lowest; lowest
B)
highest; highest
C)
lowest; highest
D)
highest and lowest; same |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dr. Mendez is a researcher who believes that physical and emotional health are affected by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, behavioral, and social factors. Thus, Dr. Mendez tends to follow the ____ model in her research.
A)
environmental adaptation
B)
evolutionary
C)
biopsychosocial
D)
cognitive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The main component of the Type A behavior pattern that predicts the development of coronary heart disease is:
A)
having a sense of time urgency.
B)
being a high achiever.
C)
hard physical work.
D)
hostility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hormones that are released by the adrenal cortex and that play a key role in the body's response to long-term stressors are called:
A)
corticosteroids.
B)
lymphocytes.
C)
teratogens.
D)
catecholamines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A study looking at the effects of daily moods found that:
A)
there was no relationship between mood and immune system function.
B)
women suffered far fewer health consequences than men from temporary negative moods and events.
C)
the effectiveness of people's immune systems increased when people experienced good moods and decreased when people experienced bad moods.
D)
men suffered far fewer health consequences than women from temporary negative moods and events. |
|
Definition
C)
the effectiveness of people's immune systems increased when people experienced good moods and decreased when people experienced bad moods |
|
|
Term
Jasmine is a police detective. To cope with her high level of stress, she goes to aerobic classes and works out in the gym four or five times a week. Jasmine is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.
A)
emotion-focused; positive reappraisal
B)
emotion-focused; escape-avoidance
C)
problem-focused; confrontive coping
D)
problem-focused; seeking social support
|
|
Definition
B)
emotion-focused; escape-avoidance |
|
|
