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Chapter 13 Key Terms
Bio 311D - Zhao
22
Biology
Undergraduate 3
08/29/2011

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Term
Heredity
Definition
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Term
Variation
Definition
differences between members of the same species
Term
Genetics
Definition
The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
Term
Gene
Definition
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
Term
Asexual Reproduction
Definition
The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent
Term
Clone
Definition
A lineage of genetically identical individual or cells or a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual
Term
Sexual reproduction
Definition
A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents
Term
Life cycle
Definition
The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism
Term
Somatic cells
Definition
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg
Term
Syngamy
Definition
fertilization
Term
Autosomes
Definition
A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome
Term
Haploid Cells
Definition
A cell containing only one set of chromosomes
Term
Diploid Cells
Definition
Cells containing two sets of chromosomes
Term
Fertilization
Definition
The union of haploid gametes forming a zygote
Term
Homologous Chromosomes
Definition
A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the father, the other from the mother.
Term
Zygote
Definition
The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg
Term
Synapsis
Definition
The pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis
Term
Tetrad
Definition
A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids.
Term
Chiasma
Definition
The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion
Term
Chiasmata
Definition
The plural form of chiasma
Term
Crossing over
Definition
The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis
Term
Random segregation
Definition
During meiosis, the two chromosomes of a pair are distributed randomly to the gametes, each gamete having an equal chance of receiving either chromosome.
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