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Chapter 12: Nervous System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language
189
Medical
Not Applicable
07/06/2012

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Term
cephal/o
Definition
head
Term
cerebell/o
Definition
cerebellum
Term
cerebr/o
Definition
cerebrum
Term
encephal/o
Definition
brain
Term
gli/o
Definition
glue
Term
medull/o
Definition
medulla
Term
mening/o
Definition
meninges
Term
meningi/o
Definition
meninges
Term
myel/o
Definition
spinal cord
Term
narc/o
Definition
stupor
Term
neur/o
Definition
nerve
Term
phas/o
Definition
speech
Term
poli/o
Definition
gray matter
Term
pont/o
Definition
pons
Term
radicul/o
Definition
nerve root
Term
thalam/o
Definition
thalamus
Term
ventricul/o
Definition
ventricle
Term
-algesia
Definition
pain, sensitivity
Term
-esthesia
Definition
feeling, sensation
Term
-kinesia
Definition
movement
Term
-lepsy
Definition
seizure
Term
-paresis
Definition
weakness
Term
-phasia
Definition
speech
Term
-plegia
Definition
paralysis
Term
-sthenia
Definition
strength
Term
-taxia
Definition
muscle coordination
Term
dura mater
Definition
the name means tough mother; it forms a tough, fibrous sac around the CNS
Term
subdural space
Definition
the actual space between the dura mater and arachnoid layers
Term
arachnoid layer
Definition
the name means spider-like; it is a thin, delicate layer attached to the pia mater by web-like filaments
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater; it contains cerebrospinal fluid
Term
pia mater
Definition
the name means soft mother; it is the innermost membrane layer and is applied directly to the surface of the brain
Term
I Olfactory
Definition
transports impulses for sense of smell
Term
II Optic
Definition
carries impulses for sense of sight
Term
III Oculomotor
Definition
motor impulses for eye muscle movement and pupil of eye
Term
IV Trochlear
Definition
controls oblique muscle of eye on each side
Term
V Trigeminal
Definition
carries sensory facial impulses and controls muscles for chewing; branches into eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw
Term
VI Abducens
Definition
controls an eyeball muscle to turn eye to side
Term
VII Facial
Definition
controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior)
Term
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Definition
responsible for impulses of equilibrium and hearing; also called auditory nerve
Term
IX Glossopharyngeal
Definition
carries sensory impulses from pharynx (swallowing) and taste on one-third of tongue
Term
X Vagus
Definition
supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities
Term
XI Accessory
Definition
controls the nech and shoulder muscles
Term
XII Hypoglossal
Definition
controls tongue muscles
Term
cephalalgia
Definition
head pain (headache)
Term
cerebellar
Definition
pertaining to the cerebellum
Term
cerebellitis
Definition
cerebellum inflammation
Term
cerebral
Definition
pertaining to the cerebrum
Term
cerebrospinal
Definition
pertaining to the cerebrum and spine
Term
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
record of brain's electricity
Term
encephalitis
Definition
brain inflammation
Term
encephalomalacia
Definition
brain softening
Term
encephalosclerosis
Definition
brain hardening
Term
meningocele
Definition
meninges hernia
Term
meningitis
Definition
meninges inflammation
Term
myelomeningocele
Definition
meninges and spinal cord hernia
Term
myelogram
Definition
record of spinal cord
Term
myelitis
Definition
spinal cord inflammation
Term
myelomalacia
Definition
spinal cord softening
Term
poliomyelitis
Definition
gray matter of spinal cord inflammation
Term
neuralgia
Definition
nerve pain
Term
neurectomy
Definition
excision of nerve
Term
neurolysis
Definition
nerve destruction
Term
neurologist
Definition
specialist in nerves
Term
neurology
Definition
study of nerves
Term
neuroma
Definition
nerve tumore
Term
neurotomy
Definition
incision into a nerve
Term
neuroplasty
Definition
surgical repair of nerves
Term
polyneuritis
Definition
inflammation of many nerves
Term
neurorhaphy
Definition
suture of nerve
Term
radiculitis
Definition
nerve root inflammation
Term
analgesia
Definition
abesence of pain or sensation
Term
anesthesia
Definition
lack of sensations
Term
hyperesthesia
Definition
excessive sensations
Term
bradykinesia
Definition
slow movement
Term
hemiparesis
Definition
weakness of half
Term
monoparesis
Definition
weakness of one
Term
aphasia
Definition
lack of speech
Term
dysphasia
Definition
difficult speech
Term
hemiplegia
Definition
paralysis of half
Term
monoplegia
Definition
paralysis of one
Term
quadriplegia
Definition
paralysis of four
Term
tetraplegia
Definition
paralysis of four
Term
asthenia
Definition
lack of strength
Term
myasthenia
Definition
lack of muscle strength
Term
ataxia
Definition
lack of muscle coordination
Term
aura
Definition
sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure
Term
chorea
Definition
involuntary nervous disorder that results in muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles
Term
coma
Definition
abnormal deep sleep or stupor resulting from an illness or injury
Term
conscious
Definition
condition of being awake and aware of surroundings
Term
convulsion
Definition
severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations; these have a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions
Term
delirium
Definition
an abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation
Term
dementia
Definition
progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing the activities of daily living; patients have little awareness of their condition; found in disorders such as Alzheimer's
Term
focal seizure
Definition
a localized epileptic seizure often affecting one limb
Term
grand mal seizure
Definition
a type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions; it is also called a tonic-clonic seizure, indicating that the seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic)
Term
hemiparesis
Definition
weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body
Term
hemiplegia
Definition
paralysis on only one side of the body
Term
intrathecal
Definition
pertaining to within the meninges
Term
lethargy
Definition
condition of sluggishness or stupor
Term
neurosurgeon
Definition
a physician specialized in treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means
Term
palsy
Definition
temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement
Term
paralysis
Definition
temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement
Term
paraplegia
Definition
paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs
Term
paresthesia
Definition
an abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling
Term
petit mal seizure or absence seizure
Definition
a type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absence of activity
Term
sciatica
Definition
pain in the low back that radiates down the back of a leg caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve from a herniated nucleus pulposus
Term
seizure
Definition
sudden attack of severe muscular contractions associated with a loss of consciousness; this seen in gland mal epilepsy
Term
sleep disorder
Definition
any condition that interferes with sleep other than environmental noises; can include difficulty sleeping (insomnia), extreme sleepiness (somnolence), nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, and apnea
Term
syncope
Definition
fainting
Term
tic
Definition
spasmodic, involuntary muscular contraction involving the head, face, mouth, eyes, neck, and shoulders
Term
tremor
Definition
involuntary quivering movement of a part of the body
Term
unconscious
Definition
condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults between 40 and 60; involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory
Term
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease
Definition
disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord
Term
astrocytoma
Definition
tumor of the brain or spinal cord that is composed of astrocytes, one of the types of neuroglial cells
Term
Bell's palsy
Definition
one-sided facial paralysis iwth an unknown cause; the person cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression; the patient will eventually recover
Term
brain tumor
Definition
intracranial mass, either benign or malignant; a benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue
Term
cerebral aneurysm
Definition
localized abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel; a ruptured -- is a common cause of a hemorrhagic CVA
Term
cerebral contusion
Definition
bruising of the brain from a blow or impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock
Term
cerebral palsy
Definition
nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect or trauma at the time of birth
Term
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Definition
commonly called a stroke; the development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain; blood flow can be interrupted by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), a stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression; the extent of damage depends on the size and location of the infarct and often includes dysphagia and hemiplegia
Term
concussion
Definition
injury to the brain that results from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact; can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock; symptoms last 24 hours or less
Term
encephalocele
Definition
congenital gap in the skull with the brain protruding through the gap
Term
epidural hematoma
Definition
mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord
Term
epilepsy
Definition
recurrent disorder of the brain in wich seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain
Term
Guillan-Barre syndrome
Definition
disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering; may be caused by an autoimmune reaction; characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control in the arms and legs; symptoms then move toward the trunk and may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm
Term
Huntington's chorea
Definition
disease of the central nervous system that results in progressive dementia with bizarre involuntary movements of parts of the body
Term
hydrocephalus
Definition
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged; it is treated by creating an artificial shunt for the fluid to leave the brain
Term
meningioma
Definition
slow-growing tumor in the meninges of the brain
Term
meningocele
Definition
congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column
Term
migraine
Definition
a specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, photophobia, vertigo, and nausea
Term
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definition
inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves
Term
myasthenia gravis
Definition
disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse
Term
myelomeningocele
Definition
congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
chronic disorder in which there is an extreme uncontrollable desire to sleep
Term
Parkinson's disease
Definition
chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait
Term
Reye's syndrome
Definition
combination of symptoms in wich there is acute encephalopathy and various organ damage; this occurs in children under 15 years of age who have had a viral infection; for this reason, it's not recommended for children to use aspirin
Term
shingles
Definition
eruption of vesicles on the trunk of the body along a nerve path; can be painful and generally occurs on only one side of the body; thought to be caused by the Herpes zoster virus
Term
spina bifida
Definition
congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close; results in a meningocele or a myelomeningocele - meninges or the spinal cord being pushed through the opening; can also result in other defects, such as hydrocephalus
Term
spinal cord injury (SCI)
Definition
damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma; spinal cord may be bruised or completely severed
Term
subdural hematoma
Definition
mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma; may exert fatal pressure on the brain if the -- is not drained by surgery
Term
tic douloureux
Definition
painful condition in which the trigeminal nerve is affected by pressure or degeneration; the pain is of a severe stabbing nature and radiates from the jaw and along the face
Term
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Definition
temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis; may eventually lead to a full-blown stroke (CVA)
Term
Babinski's reflex
Definition
reflex test to determine lesions and abnormalities in the nervous system; this is present if the great toe extends instead of flexes when the lateral sole of the foot is stroked; the normal response to this stimulation is flexion of the toe
Term
brain scan
Definition
injection of radioactive isotopes into the circulation to determine the function and abnormality of the brain
Term
cerebral angiography
Definition
X-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after the injection of a radiopaque dye
Term
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
Definition
laboratory examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within the brain and spinal cord; infections and the abnormal presence of blood can be detected in this test
Term
echoencephalography
Definition
recording of the ultrasonic echoes of the brain; useful in determining abnormal patterns of shifting in the brain
Term
electroencephalography (EEG)
Definition
recording the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes at various positions on the scalp; also used in sleep studies to determine if there is a normal pattern of activity of sleep
Term
electromyography (EMG)
Definition
recording of the contraction of muscles as a result of receiving electrical stimulation
Term
lumbar puncture (LP) or spinal pucture or spinal tap
Definition
puncture with a needle into the lumbar area (usually the fourth intervertebral space) to withdraw fluid for examination and for the injection of anesthesia
Term
myelography
Definition
injection of a radiopaque dye into the spinal canal; an X-ray is then taken to examine the normal and abnormal outlines made by the dye
Term
pneumoencephalography
Definition
X-ray examination of the brain following withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid and injection of air or gas via spinal puncture
Term
position emission tomography (PET)
Definition
use of positive radionuclides to reconstruct brain sections; measurment can be taken of oxygen and glucose uptake, cerebral blood flow, and blood volume; the amount of glucose the brain uses indicates how metabolically active the tissue is
Term
Romberg's test
Definition
test that is used to establish neurological function; the person is asked to close his or her eyes and place the feet together; this test for body balance is positive if the patient sways when the feet are closed
Term
carotid endartercectomy
Definition
surgical procedure for removing an obstruction within the carotid artery, a major artery in the neck that carries oxygenated blood to the brain; developed to prevent strokes, but is found to be useful only in severe stenosis with TIA
Term
cerebrospinal fluid shunts
Definition
a surgical procedure in which a bypass is created to drain cerebrospinal fluid; it is used to treat hydrocephalus by draining the excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and diverting it to the abdominal cavity
Term
cordectomy
Definition
removal of part of the spinal cord
Term
cryosurgery
Definition
use of extreme cold to destroy brain tissue; used to control bleeding and treat brain tumors
Term
laminectomy
Definition
removal of a portion of a vertebra in order to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve
Term
nerve block
Definition
method of regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory stimulation along a nerve path
Term
sympathectomy
Definition
excision of a portion of the sympathetic nervous system; could include a nerve or a ganglion
Term
trephination
Definition
process of cutting out a piece of bone in the skull to gain entry into the brain or relieve pressure
Term
analgesic
Definition
non-narcotic medication to treat minor to moderate pain; includes aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen
Term
anesthetic
Definition
drugs that produce a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness
Term
anticholinergic
Definition
blocks function of the parasympathetic nervous system; used to treat intestinal, bladder, and bronchial spasms
Term
anticonvulsant
Definition
reduces the excitability of neurons and therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures
Term
barbiturate
Definition
a drug that depresses CNS activity; used as a sedative and an anticonvulsant
Term
dopaminergic drugs
Definition
group of medications to treat Parkinson's disease by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of the dopamine that is present
Term
hypnotic
Definition
drugs that promote sleep
Term
narcotic or opiates
Definition
morphine and related drugs used to treat severe pain; these drugs have the potential to be habit forming if taken for a prolonged time
Term
sedative
Definition
a drug that has a relaxing or calming effect
Term
ALS
Definition
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Term
ANS
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
CNS
Definition
central nervous system
Term
CP
Definition
cerebral palsy
Term
CSF
Definition
cerbrospinal fluid
Term
CVA
Definition
cerebrovascular accident
Term
CVD
Definition
cerebrovascular disease
Term
EEG
Definition
electroencephalogram, electroencephalography
Term
EMG
Definition
electromyogram
Term
HA
Definition
headache
Term
ICP
Definition
intracranial pressure
Term
LP
Definition
lumbar puncture
Term
MS
Definition
multiple sclerosis
Term
PET
Definition
positron emission tomography
Term
PNS
Definition
peripheral nervous system
Term
SAH
Definition
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Term
SCI
Definition
spinal cord injury
Term
TIA
Definition
transient ischemic attack
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