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Chapter 12
biology for a changing world second edition
15
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/30/2014

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Term
Gonads
Definition
Sex organs; Ovaries in females, testes in males.
Term
Autosomes
Definition
Paired chromosomes present in both males and females; all chromosomes except the X and Y chromosomes.
Term
Sex Chromosomes
Definition
Paired chromosomes that differ between males and females, XX in females; XY in male.
Term
X-Linked Trait
Definition
A phenotype determined by an allele on a X chromosome.
Term
Pedigree
Definition
A visual representation of the occurrence of phenotypes across generations.
Term
Y-Chromosome Analysis
Definition
Comparing sequences on the Y chromosome to examine paternity and paternal ancestry.
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
A form of inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive.
Term
Codominance
Definition
A form of inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.
Term
Continuous Variation
Definition
Variation in a population showing an unbroken range of phenotypes rather than discrete categories.
Term
Polygenic Trait
Definition
A trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction among alleles of more than one gene.
Term
Multifactorial Inheritance
Definition
An interaction between genes and the environment that contributes to a phenotype or trait.
Term
Aneuploidy
Definition
An abnormal number of one or more chromosomes (either extra of missing copies)
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
The failure of chromosomes to separate accurately nondisjunction in meiosis leads to aneuploid gametes.
Term
Trisomy 21
Definition
Carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21; also known as Down syndrome.
Term
Amniocentesis
Definition
A procedure that removes fluid surrounding the fetus to obtain and analyze fetal cells to diagnose genetic disorders.
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