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Chapter 13
Psychological Disorder
63
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/23/2013

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Term
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Definition
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms:
1. Extreme inattention
2. Hyperactivity
3. Impulsivity
Term
Psychological disorder
Definition
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Term
Medical model
Definition
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
Term
DSM-IV-TR
Definition
the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," 4th edition, updated as a 2000 "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
- It defines a diagnostic process and 16 clinical syndromes, it describes various disorders.
Term
Anxiety disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
- People cannot usually identify the root of the problem, and therefore cannot deal with or avoid, its cause.
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Term
Phobia
Definition
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
Term
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). Becomes a disorder when they persistently interfere with everyday living an cause the person distress.
Term
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
Term
Post-traumatic growth
Definition
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
Term
Somatoform disorder
Definition
psychological disorder which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
Term
Conversion disorder
Definition
a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.
Term
Dissociative disorders
Definition
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Term
Dissociative identify disorder (DID)
Definition
(aka Multiple personality disorder) a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
Term
Mood disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
Term
Major depressive disorder
Definition
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
Term
Mania
Definition
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
(aka Manic-depressive disorder) a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
Term
Psychotic disorder
Definition
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.
Term
Delusions
Definition
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Term
Paranoia schizophrenia
Definition
preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution.
Term
Disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.
Term
Catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements.
Term
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
many and varied symptoms.
Term
Residual schizophrenia
Definition
withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.
Term
What causes schizophrenia?
Definition
1. Brain abnormalities
2. Genetic Factors
3. Psychological Factors
Term
Personality disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Term
Antisocial personality disorder
Definition
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Term
How do the standards for deviant behavior vary?
Definition
By context and by culture.
i.e. In some context, people are dubbed deranged if they hear voices, but in some cultures practicing ancestor worship, people may claim to talk with the dead, a norm.
Term
How do the standards for deviance vary?
Definition
From time.
i.e. from 1952 through 1973, homosexuality was classified as an illness.
Term
When do deviant and distressful behaviors become disorderly?
Definition
When they are also judged to be harmful dysfunction and when typical behaviors become disabling.
Term
Who changed the treatment of psychological patients?
Definition
Philippe Pinel insisted that madness is not demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions.
Term
What is the biopsychosocial approach to psychology?
Definition
This approach recognizes that mind and body are inseparable, that there may be a difficulty in the person's environment, and negative emotions that contribute to physical illness, and these physical abnormalities contribute to negative emotions.
Term
What is the purpose of diagnostic classification?
Definition
It aims to describe a disorder, predict its future course, imply appropriate treatment, and stimulate a research into its causes.
- Mental health professionals use labels to communicate about their cases, to comprehend the underlying causes, and to discern effective treatment programs.
Term
What do critics say about diagnostic labels?
Definition
Diagnostic labels can bias perceptions and change reality and can serve as self-fulfilling prophesies.
Term
Specific phobias
Definition
may focus on animals, insects, heights, and people avoid the stimulus that arouses the fear.
Term
Social phobias
Definition
is a shyness taken to an extreme, it is an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, avoid potentially embarrassing social situations.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes.
Term
How is trauma related to emotional distress?
Definition
Research indicates that the greater one's emotional distress during a trauma, the higher the risk for PTSD.
Term
What does Freud's psychoanalytic theory propose?
Definition
that people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, such as anxiety.
Term
What is the learning perspective of anxiety disorders?
Definition
1. Fear conditioning
- Stimulus generalization
- Reinforcement: helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they rise.
2. Observational learning
Term
What is the biological perspective of anxiety disorders?
Definition
1. Natural selection: humans biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors.
2. Genes: influence disorders by regulating neurotransmitters by affecting brain levels of serotonin and glutamate.
3. Brain: anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors.
Term
What does Freud's psychoanalytic theory state about depression?
Definition
that depression often occurs when significant losses evoke feelings associated with losses experienced in childhood.
Term
Linkage analysis
Definition
a study of finding families in which disorders appear across generations, geneticists examine DNA from affect and unaffected family members to search for differences.
Term
What are the two dominant neurotransmitters that play a role in mood disorders?
Definition
1. Norephinephrine
2. Serotonin
- Both are scarce during depression.
Term
Social-cognitive perspective
Definition
explores the roles of thinking and acting, and revelas how self-defeating beliefs and a negative explanatory style feed depression.
Term
Explanatory style
Definition
who or what people blame their failures → depressed people tend to explain bad events in terms that are stable, global, and internal.
Term
What is depression's cycle?
Definition
Negative, stressful events interpreted through a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create a hopeless, depressed state that hampers the way the person thinks and acts. This fules negative stressful experiences such as rejection.
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
seeing, feeling, or tasting things that are not there.
Term
Flat effect
Definition
emotionless state.
Term
Schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms
Definition
may experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter or rage.
Term
Schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms
Definition
have toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies.
Term
What occurs when schizophrenia is slow-developing?
Definition
(AKA chronic, process schizophrenia) recovery is doubtful and patients often exhibit the persistent and incapacitating negative symptom of social withdrawal.
Term
What occurs when schizophrenia is fast-developing?
Definition
(AKA acute, reactive schizophrenia) when previously well-adjusted people develop schizophrenia rapidly following particular life stresses, recovery is much more likely and they more often have positive symptoms.
Term
What are known risk factors for schizophrenia?
Definition
Low birth weight, oxygen deprivation during delivery, famine, and fetal-virus infections.
Term
Avoidant personality disorder
Definition
these people show anxiety and are fearful of rejection, so they avoid things. They are trying to protect themselves.
Term
Schizoid personality disorder
Definition
eccentric behaviors and are socially disengaged and often times emotionless.
Term
Histrionic personality disorder
Definition
dramatic or impulsive behaviors, they show shallow and attention-getting emotions and they try diligently to gain others’ praise or reassurance.
Term
Narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
exaggerate their own importance and have fantasies where they succeed and it is hard for them to accept criticism, they react with rage or shame.
Term
Borderline personality disorder
Definition
unstable identity, relationships, and emotions.
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