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Chapter 12
Psy 101 Chapter 12
53
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/28/2010

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Term
Abnormal behavior
Definition
deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.
Term
deviant
Definition
Abnormal behavior is certainly atypical or statistically unusual
Term
maladaptive
Definition
Maladaptive behavior interferes with one's ability to function effectively in the world
Term
personal distress
Definition
over a long period of time. The person engaging in the behavior finds it troubling.
Term
The biological approach
Definition
attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes. This perspective primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality
Term
medical model
Definition
which describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin
Term
psychological approach
Definition
emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders
Term
sociocultural approach
Definition
emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture
Term
stigma
Definition
a mark of shame that may cause others to avoid or to act negatively toward an individual
Term
DSM-IV
Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
was introduced in 1994 and revised in 2000
classifies individuals on the basis of five dimensions, or axes, that take into account the individual's history and highest level of functioning in the previous year
Term
Axis I
Definition
All diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation
Term
Axis II
Definition
Personality disorders and mental retardation
Term
Axis III
Definition
General medical conditions
helps to clarify if symptoms may be rooted in physical illness.
Term
Axis IV
Definition
Psychosocial and environmental problems
Term
Axis V
Definition
Current level of functioning
Axis V, the clinician evaluates the highest level of adaptive functioning the person has attained in the preceding year in social, occupational, or school activities
Term
Axes I and II
Definition
are concerned with the classification of psychological disorders
Term
Axes III through V
Definition
may not be needed to diagnose a psychological disorder, but they are included so that the person's overall life situation is considered
Term
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Definition
(ADHD), individuals show one or more of the following symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Term
anxiety disorders
Definition
fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
different from such everyday feelings of anxiety in that sufferers experience persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and are unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety

nervous most of the time. They may worry about their work, relationships, or health. That worry can also take a physical toll and cause fatigue, muscle tension, stomach problems, and difficulty sleeping
Term
panic disorder
Definition
however, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause

can produce severe palpitations, extreme shortness of breath, chest pains, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a feeling of helplessness
Term
phobia
Definition
an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation—an anxiety disorder called a phobic disorder
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Definition
(OCD) features anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation
Term
Obsessions
Definition
are recurrent thoughts, and compulsions are recurrent behaviors.
Term
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Definition
(PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the person's abilities to cope
Term
flashback
Definition
can make the person lose touch with reality and reenact the event for seconds, hours, or, very rarely, days
Term
Mood disorders
Definition
psychological disorders in which there is a primary disturbance of mood: prolonged emotion that colors the individual's entire emotional state.
Term
Depressive disorders
Definition
mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression: an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
(MDD) involves a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks
Term
Dysthymic disorder
Definition
(DD) is a mood disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than MDD
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
an individual's acquisition of feelings of powerlessness when exposed to aversive circumstances, such as prolonged stress, over which the individual has no control
Term
attributions
Definition
their attempts to explain what caused something to happen
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.
Term
Anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. Anorexia nervosa is much more common in girls and women than boys and men and affects between 0.5 and 3.7 percent of young women
Term
Bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder in which an individual (typically a girl or woman) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern. The individual goes on an eating binge and then purges by self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives
Term
Binge eating disorder
Definition
(BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating
Term
Dissociative disorders
Definition
psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. Under extreme stress or shock, the individual's conscious awareness becomes dissociated (separated or split) from previous memories and thoughts
Term
dissociative amnesia
Definition
is characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.
Term
Dissociative fugue
Definition
(fugue means “flight”) is a dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and sometimes assumes a new identity.
Term
Dissociative identity disorder
Definition
(DID) Individuals with this disorder have two or more distinct personalities or identities. Each identity has its own memories, behaviors, and relationships
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes. These disordered thoughts are referred to as psychotic because they are far removed from reality
Term
positive symptoms
Definition
They are “positive” because they reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and disorders of movement.
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. Hallucinations are usually auditory—the person might complain of hearing voices—or visual and much less commonly can take the form of smells or tastes
Term
Delusions
Definition
are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. A delusional person might think that he is Jesus Christ or Muhammad.
Term
referential thinking
Definition
which means giving personal meaning to completely random events.
Term
Thought disorder
Definition
refers to the unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Term
movement
Definition
A person with schizophrenia may show unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions.
Term
Catatonia
Definition
immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time
Term
negative symptoms
Definition
reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.
Term
flat affect
Definition
display of little or no emotion
Term
diathesis-stress model
Definition
combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes schizophrenia
Term
Antisocial personality disorder
Definition
is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
Term
borderline personality disorder
Definition
(BPD) is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

BPD is related to self-harming behaviors such as cutting
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