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Chapter 12
Chapter 12
30
History
9th Grade
06/19/2010

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Term
Sui Dynasty
Definition
Shortest dynasty (589-618) w/ only two emperors
§ In 581-Brought China once again under the rule of a strong central gov’t
§ Endless work of building canals, walls, & palaces turned people against Sui Ù revolt
Term
Grand Canal
Definition
Cut across China, tied together Yellow & Yangtze Rivers
§ Helped to unite northern & southern China politically & economically.
Term
T’ang Dynasty
Definition
Ruled united China from 618-907. Golden age.
§ T’ang emperors didn’t isolate themselves. China more open to foreign trade & influence during T’ang years than at any other time.
§ Founded by T’ai-tsung-“Grand Ancestor.”
§ Use of examination system for gov’t officials. Scholar-officials = gentry.
§ Every educated person was expected to write poems.
o 3 qualities marked Chinese poetry of T’ang: images from nature, focus on single moment, & they were all brief.
Term
Li Po
Definition
one of the most celebrated poets of the 700s.
§ Often wrote about pleasures of life.
Term
Sung Dynasty
Definition
Proclaimed by Emperor Sung T’ai-tsu.
§ Beginning of 500 years of military decline for China.
§ True golden age in southern China where Sung emperors only ruled
§ Merchants prospered by selling in the markets of Hangchow.
§ Began to print paper money (1st in world).
§ Trade: 2 luxury items: silk, porcelain.
§ Golden age of painting
Term
Invention of Printing
Definition
Started to print books in 600. Could make 2,000 copies in 1 day.
Term
Invention of magnetic compass
Definition
§ 1st used to make sure houses faced south, as custom required.
§ Discovered its usefulness for finding directions at sea.
Term
Invention of Gunpowder
Definition
Remained minor invention until Europeans learned of it.
Term
Mongol Conquest
Definition
1200-1350-conquered lands from Pacific Ocean to Adriatic Sea.
§ Ruled the largest unified land empire in history.
§ Fearsome warriors whose most important weapons was the bow.
§ Mongols lived in loosely organized groups. Each group had its own leader-khan.
Term
Genghis Khan
Definition
Temujin. United Mongols. 1 of history’s greatest conquerors.
§ By his death, he had conquered most of Asia. “ruler of all btwn the oceans”
§ Traits behind success as emperor:
o Brilliant organizer-grouped armies
o Shrewd & warlike-sent spies to find enemy’s weaknesses
o Used cruelty as weapon-spread terror
§ After death, 4 khans each ruled diff. part of Mongol Empire
Term
Kublai Khan
Definition
Conqueror of Sung China. Genghis Khan’s grandson.
§ Spent life within China, enjoying luxury of emperor.
§ Khanbalik-square capital in Northern China. Modern Beijing
§ Failed to conquer Japan
§ Distrusted Chinese, so all his highest officials were foreign.
Term
Yuan dynasty
Definition
Chinese name for Kublai Khan’s dynasty.
Term
Marco Polo
Definition
Italian. Most famous Europeans to travel across Asia.
§ Made trusted official of Mongol gov’t under Kublai Khan.
§ Traveled to China (“greatest civilization in the world”). Returned w/ detailed reports.
Term
Ming Dynasty
Definition
Proclaimed by Ming T’ai-tsu who freed China from Mongols
§ China was divided into 2 major geographic zones:
1. Southern: rice-growing, follow Yangtze, centered on seaports along E China Sea
2. Northern: considered true heartland of China. Home of Confucius, Han, & Tang.
§ Ruled according to good traditions of the past.
§ Brought China’s scholar-officials back to power (Mongols excluded gentry)
§ China’s cities probably had highest literacy rate in the world in 1300s.
Term
Cheng Ho
Definition
Led Grand Fleet (China’s great armada) on its 7th voyage into Indian Ocean
§ Pursuing diplomatic, commercial, & scientific objectives
§ Encouraged kings & sultans of S Asia & E Africa to send tribute to emperor
§ Sought to expand China’s trade
§ Planned to survey new sea routes, collect rare animals, & search for new foods.
§ Successful in all of his goals
1433-fateful turning point in world history. (mostly for China & Portugal)
§ China’s naval power reached its greatest height Ù sudden collapse
§ Cheng Ho’s death Ù new emperors opposed naval expeditions Ù isolation
Term
Manchus
Definition
Threat on China’s northern border to north & east-Manchuria.
§ Chinese considered them barbarians, but Manchus had adopted many Chinese ways
§ Took over Peking after death of last Ming emperor & the Manchu ruler was declared China’s new emperor.
Term
Ching dynasty
Definition
Chinese name for the Manchu’s dynasty. (1644-1912)
§ Kept themselves separate from Chinese people.
§ Manchus could hold gov’t positions w/o taking civil service exams.
§ Marriage btwn Manchu & Chinese was not allowed.
Term
Yamato emperors
Definition
leading clan. Chiefs came to be called emperors of Japan.
§ Claimed sun goddess as their ancestor
Term
Shinto
Definition
Japan’s earliest religion formed from combined customs & beliefs of various clans.
§ Central idea: worship of nature. Sun goddess was the chief deity, 100s of lesser gods
Term
Prince Shotoku
Definition
Most influential convert to Buddhism
§ 607-sent group of scholars to study Chinese civilization firsthand at Ch’ang-an.
§ Adopted Chinese writing system, Painted landscapes in Chinese manner
§ Followed Chinese styles in simple arts of everyday life (cooking, gardening…)
§ Imperial gov’t: Modeled gov’t on China’s.
§ Shotuku drew up written plan of gov’t based on Confucian teachings
§ Shotuku & successors tried to build strong central gov’t like T’ang
§ Shotuku tried to introduce China’s examination system. (Noble birth gave power)
Term
Heian Age
Definition
Japan’s golden age (794-1185). Heian = Japan’s capital (Kyoto)
§ “Dwellers among the clouds”-noble class. Lived outdoors. Used cosmetics.
§ Poetry was necessary to be accepted in society
o To start a romance, man or woman composed short poem
§ Best accounts of society came from diaries, essays, & novels written by women b/c women were held in high esteem unlike in China or Greco-Roman world.
§ Tale of Genji: called the world’s 1st true novel. Written by Lady Murasaki.
Btwn 1000 & 2000-Japan developed feudal system like that of the Middle Ages.
Term
Samurai
Definition
warriors who fought for the lords. “one who serves.”
§ Armor was one of the most elaborate costumes ever worn.
Term
Bushido
Definition
harsh code that samurai lived according to. “the way of the warrior.”
§ Samurai’s honor was constantly on the line.
§ Had to prove absolute courage in battle & absolute loyalty to lord.
§ Dying an honorable death was more important than living a long life.
Term
Shogun
Definition
title meaning “supreme general of the emperor’s army. Given to Minamoto leader
§ Powers of military dictator: officials, judges, taxes, armies, roads all under his authority.
Term
Kamakura
Definition
shogun’s military headquarters where the real center of power was.
§ 1200s-Kamakura shogunate: worked w/ local lords. A lord who loyally served shogun was given free hand to rule his own province.
Term
Daimyo
Definition
what the most powerful of feudal lords became when Kamakura shoguns fell. Independent rulers in their own areas. “Great name.”
§ Each commanded own army of soldiers (Samurai & peasants)
Term
Francis Xavier
Definition
leader of the 1st Christian mission to Japsn who became one of Church’s most beloved saints. Baptized hundreds of converts in just 2 years in Japan.
Term
Tokugawa Shogunate
Definition
Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed title of shogun in 1603 Ù Policy of isolation.
§ Moved Japan’s administrative center east to small town of Edo (Tokyo).
§ Gave Japan stability until 1868.
§ 1600-Growing influence of missionaries worried Japan’s leaders.
§ Tokugawa alarmed that Spanish had conquered the Philippines.
§ Banned Christianity in Japan in 1614. Tortured and executed Christians.
§ Banned all European merchants except Dutch. Japan was isolated for next 200 yrs.
§ Confined Dutch merchants to port of Nagasaki
Term
Effects of Isolation
Definition
§ Peace & stability
§ Growth of unique Japanese cultureÙUnique Buddhist outlook, exquisite painting.
§ Failure of Japan to keep up with scientific, technical, & military progress.
Term
Zen Buddhism
Definition
Followed a path of quiet contemplation.
§ Greatest influence of forms of Buddhism on Japanese culture.
§ Seek spiritual enlightenment through meditation.
§ Strict discipline of mind & body was Zen path to wisdom.
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