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Chapter 1
Operating Systems
23
Computer Science
Undergraduate 1
07/29/2016

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Term
Batch System
Definition
a type of computing system that executes programs, each of which is
submitted in its entirety, can be grouped into batches, and executed without external
intervention.
Term
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Definition
a component with circuitry to control the interpretation
and execution of instructions.
Term
Cloud Computing
Definition
a multifaceted technology that allows computing, data storage and
retrieval and other computer functions to take place over a large network, typically the
Internet.
Term
Device Manager
Definition
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the
use of devices. It monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the
most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices.
Term
Embedded Computer System
Definition
dedicated computer system that often is part of a
larger physical system, such as jet aircraft or automobiles. Often, it must be small,
fast, and able to work with real-time constraints, fail-safe execution, and nonstandard
I/O devices.
Term
File Manager
Definition
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use
of files.
Term
Firmware
Definition
software instructions or data that are stored in a fixed or “firm” way, usually
implemented on some type of read only memory (ROM).
Term
Hardware
Definition
the tangible machine and its components, including main memory, I/O
devices, I/O channels, direct access storage devices, and the central processing unit.
Term
Hybrid System
Definition
a computer system that supports both batch and interactive processes.
Term
Interactive System
Definition
a system that allows each user to interact directly with the operating
system.
Term
Kernel
Definition
the primary part of the operating system that remains in random access memory
(RAM) and is charged with performing the system’s most essential tasks, such as
managing main memory and disk access.
Term
Main Memory
Definition
the memory unit that works directly with the CPU and in which the
data and instructions must reside in order to be processed. Also called primary storage,
RAM, or internal memory.
Term
Mainframe
Definition
the historical name given to a large computer system characterized by its
large size, high cost, and relatively fast performance.
Term
Memory Manager
Definition
the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the
use of memory. It checks the validity of each request for memory space, and if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job.
Term
Multiprocessing
Definition
when two or more CPUs share the same main memory, most I/O
devices, and the same control program routines. They service the same job stream and execute distinct processing programs concurrently.
Term
Multiprogramming
Definition
a technique that allows a single processor to process several programs
residing simultaneously in main memory and interleaving their execution by
overlapping I/O requests with CPU requests.
Term
Network
Definition
a system of interconnected computer systems and peripheral devices that
exchange information with one another.
Term
Operating System
Definition
the primary software on a computing system that manages its
resources, controls the execution of other programs, and manages communications
and data storage.
Term
Processor Manager
Definition
a composite of two submanagers, the Job Scheduler and the Process Scheduler, which decides how to allocate the CPU.
Term
RAM
Definition
random access memory. See main memory.
Term
Real-Time System
Definition
a computing system used in time-critical environments that require
guaranteed response times, such as navigation systems, rapid transit systems, and industrial control systems.
Term
Server
Definition
a node that provides to clients various network services, such as file retrieval,
printing, or database access services.
Term
Storage
Definition
the place where data is stored in the computer system. Primary storage is main
memory. Secondary storage is nonvolatile media, such as disks and flash memory.
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