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Chapter 1
Exploring Life
43
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/21/2011

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Term
Biosphere
Definition
All env. of earth inhabited by life
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
All living things in a particular area; with all non-living components
Term
Community
Definition
All organisms in a particular ecosystem
Term
Population
Definition
All ind. of a species licing within a specific area
Term
Example of cycling of nutrients through an ecosystem
Definition
Minerals acquired by plants will eventually be returned to the soil
Term
Flow of E. in an ecosystem
Definition
Sunlight --> producers --> consumers
Term
Producers
Definition
Plants/ other photosynthetic organisms that convert light E. to chem. E.
Term
Consumers
Definition
Organisms that feed on producers/ other consumers
Term
Cell
Definition
Smallest level of organization that can perform all activites required of life
Term
Substance present in chromosomes
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic Acid/ DNA
Term
Genes
Definition
Units for inheritance that transmits info from parents to offspring
Term
Arrnagement of DNA
Definition
Made of 2 long chains arranged into a double helix; each link of a chain is one of 4 nucleotides
Term
Common trait among all life forms
Definition
Universal genetic coding
Term
Genome
Definition
Library of genetic code
Term
Number of nucleotides in a genome
Definition
3 billiion
Term
Similarities btw all cells (2)
Definition

1. Enclosed by membrane that regulates the passage of materials btw cells and surroundings

2. Uses DNA as genetic code

Term
Eukaryotic cell charateristics (2)
Definition

1. Subdivided by internal membranes

2. Organelles (besides nucleus) located in cytoplasm

Term
Prokaryotic cell characteristics (2)
Definition

1. No membrane-bound organelles

2. No membrane-bound nucleus

Term
System
Definition
Complex organization
Term
Emergent prop. of systems
Definition
Moving up in the hierarchy of bio. order, novel prop. emerge that were not present at the levels below
Term
Example of emergent prop.
Definition
Thought and memories are emergent prop. of nerve cells
Term
Reductionism
Definition
Reducing complex systems to simpler components that make studying more manageable
Term
Purpose of systems bio.
Definition
To model the dynamic behavior of whole bio. systems
Term
Research developments in systems bio. (3)
Definition

1. High through-put tech.

2. Bioinformatics

3. Interdisciplinary research teams

Term
High through-put tech.
Definition
Analyzes large volumes of data
Term
Bioinformatics
Definition
extracts the useful bio. info from large data sets
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
Accumulation of an end product of a process that slows that process
Term
Example of negative feedback (2 steps)
Definition

1. Cell's breakdown of sugar generates chem. E. in the form of ATP

2. The excess accumulation of ATP then inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway

Term
Positive feedback
Definition
End product speeds up production
Term
Example of positive feedback (2 steps)
Definition

1. When blood vessels are damaged, platelets are called to the site of injury

2. Platelets the release chem substances that attract more platelets and clotting action speeds up

Term
Taxonomy
Definition
Branch of bio. that names and classifies species
Term
3 domains
Definition

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya

Term
Bacteria
Definition
Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
Term
Archaea
Definition
Live in extreme env. like salty lakes or extreme temp.
Term
On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection by Charles Darwin (2)
Definition

1. Presented evidence to support view that contemporary species arose froma procession of ancestors

2. Wanted to propose a mechanism for descent with modification (natural selection)

Term
Inference Darwin made when he observed ind. variation and overproduction and competition (2)
Definition

1. Unequal reproductive success

2. Evolutionary adaptations

Term
Example of natural selection (4 steps)
Definition

1. Pop. with varied inherited traits (light/dark beetles)

2. Elimination of ind. with certain traits (light coloring)

3. Reproduction of survivors (dark beetles)

4. Increasing frequency of certain traits enhance survival and reproductive success (dark beetles)

Term
Discriptive/ Discovery science
Definition
describes natural structures and processes through careful observation and analysis of data
Term
Inductive reasoning
Definition
Deriving generalizations based on a large number of specific observations
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Tentative answer to a well-framed question
Term
Qualifications of a hypothesis (2)
Definition

1. Falsifiable

2. Testable

Term
Controlled experiment
Definition
Where an experimental group is compared with control group
Term
Qualities of a scientific theory (3)
Definition

1. Broader in scope than a hypothesis

2. General enough to spin off new, more specific hypotheses to be tested

3. Generally supported by massive amt. of evidence

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