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Chapter 11
Early Adulthood (24 to 34 Years)
47
Psychology
Graduate
05/08/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

A set of behaviors that have some socially shared patterns of expectations for behavior.

 

ex.) Teacher, child, minister

Definition

Social Roles

Term
Many roles are learned and enacted during childhood. In adulthood, however, people assume multiple roles that: (2)
Definition
  1. Expand opportunities for Self-Expression
  2. Bring them into contact with new Social Demands
Term
Social roles link individuals to their ________.
Definition

Social Environments

Term
The roles that an individual plays can be characterized by _________ that accumulate over time, influencing the ease or difficulty with which new roles and role transitions can be managed.
Definition

Costs and Benefits

Term
Roles are ________, requiring complementary role identities (i.e. teacher-student, mother-child) in order to be enacted and sustained.
Definition

Reciprocal

Term
Roles are reciprocal and, thus, participation in multiple roles brings with it a form of: (2)
Definition
  1. Social Integration
  2. Social Support
Term
According to Abraham Maslow's theory, human beings are always in a state of ________.
Definition

Striving

Term

In Maslow's theory of the Hierarchy of Needs, there are levels of needs starting from the base of the pyramid to the peak. Once satisfying a need, an individual can then focus more on the next need.

 

These 5 needs, from base to peak, are:

Definition

1. Physiological

          -(hunger, thirst, sleep)

2. Safety & Security

          -(finding protection)
3. Love & Belonging

          -(friendship, family, intimate relationships)
4. Esteem

          -(building confidence, achieving goals, gaining respect)
5. Self-Actualization

Term
A motive that urges the person to make optimal use of his/her full potential, to become a more effective, creative participant in daily life.
Definition

Self-Actualization

Term
Fulfillment theories suggest that growth and maturation in adulthood are characterized by successful encounters with life challenges that result in a sense of: (3)
Definition
  1. Purpose
  2. Meaning
  3. Mastery
Term

Research Study: the possible negative impact of prejudice and discrimination on the mental health and sense of personal self-worth of members of minority groups.

 

Results indicated that: (3)

Definition

1. Minorities (AA and HA) had higher levels of well-being than comparable EAs, even after perceived discrimination was taken into account.

 

2. More highly educated AAs had greater sense of purpose in life than did highly educated EAs.

 

3. Perceived discrimination was negatively associated with psychological well-being from women, but not men.

Term

Research Study: the possible negative impact of prejudice and discrimination on the mental health and sense of personal self-worth of members of minority groups.

  • Minorites = greater well-being than EAs
  • Educated AAs = greater sense of purpose than educated EAs
  • Perceived discrimination negatively associated with psychological well-being for women, but not men
2 processes seem to be at work simultaneously:
Definition

1.  Perceived discrimination undermines psychological well-being for women


2. Minority status is associated with many indicators of psychological strength for both men and women

Term

Studies have shown that when a person is faced with a large numberr of alternatives, as in speed dating, people tend to focus their attention on...

 

In contrast, when there are fewer possible partners, people tend to focus their selection efforts on...

Definition

...certain key, readily assessable features (i.e. age, weight, height)

 

...two or three more complex, less obvious criteria (i.e. occupation, educational background, religious beliefs)

Term
Demographic realities influence the possibility of meeting suitable partners. For example, declines in the marriage rates for AAs appear to be closely related to the...
Definition
...decline in availability of appropriate AA male partners.
Term
According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2010), single, never married AA women increased from ____% of the total female AA pop. 18+ yrs old in 1970 to ____% in 2008.
Definition
  • 17%
  • 40%
Term
The rise in single, never-married AA women is related in part to: (2)
Definition

1. High rates of mortality and imprisonment of AA men

 

2. Economic marginality

 

 

Term
2 factors contributing to the decline in the number of marriageable AA men:
Definition

1. Decline in employment opportunities in the manufacturing industries, where AA men had made earlier gains

 

2. Increased crime and drug use in the urban communities

Term
In the most general sense, the coice of a partner depends on one's __________, where, among the people one encounters, some attract attention while others do not.
Definition

Network of Interactions

Term
In contrast to the principle of homogamy, which emphasizes the role of similarity in the attraction process, ________ suggests that men and women differ in the features they emphasize in evaluating someone as a desirable partner.
Definition

Social Evolutionary Theory

Term
The evolutionary perspective highlights 2 features in evaluating someone as a desirable partner:
Definition
  1. Reproductive Potential
  2. Reproductive Investment
Term
Refers to the physical, material, and social resources that a partner may be able to contribute to one's fertility and childrearing.
Definition

Reproductive Potential

Term
Refers to the willingness of a potential partnerr to commit these resources to one's children.
Definition

Reproductive Investment

Term

In evalutating a potential partner, 

 

Men tend to emphasize...

Women tend to emphasize...

Definition
  • Biological & Physical Resources (youth, attractiveness)
  • Social Status & Economic Resources (earning potential, job stability)
Term
4 phases in selection of a partner:
Definition

Phase I: Original Attraction

Phase II: Deeper Attraction

Phase III: Role Compatibility & Barriers to Break Up

Phase IV: The Right One Relationship

Term
Phase I: Original Attraction emphasizes: (2)
Definition

1. Initial Impressions

 

2. Evolutionary Perspective highlighting Reproductive Potential & Investment, rather than homogamy

Term

In Phase II: Deeper Attraction, partners begin to disclose info about themselves, interact in ways that deepen the relationship, and discover areas of important similarity.

 

During this phase, the discovery of 2 things are central to continuing the relationship:

Definition

1. Basic Similarities

 

2. Feeling of Rapport

Term
In Phase III: Barriers to Break Up, 2 discoveries bring upon a new level of intimacy and trust in the relationship:
Definition

1. Role Compatibility

 

2. Empathy

Term
A sense that the two partners approach a situation in ways that work well together.
Definition

Role Compatibility

Term
In Phase IV: The "Right One" Relationship, the relationship is oftern characterized by: (2)
Definition

1. Romantic Love

 

2. Friendship

Term

A sense of intimacy is a psychological process in its own right that involves sharing an open, tender relationship with another person.

 

2 important elements in this communication process are:

Definition

1. Emotional Expressiveness

 

2. Lack of Ambivalence about Expressing Feelings

Term
3 predictors of high probability of divorce:
Definition

1. Declines in Affectionate/Pleasurable Interaction

 

2. Lack of Intimacy

 

3. Increased Ambivalence about the Union

Term

3 predictors of marital satisfaction:

 

2 predictors of marital distress:

Definition

1. Self-Disclosure

2. Partner Disclosure

3. Sense of Partner Responsiveness

 

1. Negative Interactions

2. Conflict

Term
Marital stability and satisfaction are closely tied to how couples manage ________.
Definition

Marital Conflict

Term
3 dimensions of conflict which are especially important in differentiating happy and distressed marital relationships:
Definition

1. Negative Communication (nonverbal neg expressions, hostile put-downs)

2. Coercive Escalation

3. Congruence/Lack of Congruence

Term

A style of interaction in which the probability that a neg remark will be followed by another neg remark increases as the chain of communication gets longer and longer.

 

As communication becomes increasingly negative, partners become so physiologically disorganized that they lose access to their more rational ego functions.

Definition

Coercive Escalation

Term

Distressed couples have different perceptions of the approach that their partners are taking to resolve a conflict.

 

________ btw partners in how they think they and their partners are approaching the resolution of conflict is sig related to marital satisfaction.

 

________ is significantly related to marital dissatisfaction.

Definition
  • Congruence
  • Lack of Congruence
Term
4 most common issues identified as most sig disagreements in couples:
Definition
  1. Money
  2. House Chores
  3. Communication
  4. Time Spent with Souse
Term
Men and women communicate differently and have different perceptions of the process, although in many ways men and women are alike in that both: (3)
Definition

1. Perceive the value of affectice or emotional skills in promoting & sustaining friendships/romantic relationships

 

2. Expect friends/romantic partners to have ability to encourage, soothe, reassure, and validate one another

 

3. Are most likely to offer suggestions for how to solve problems or take some action, rather than simply empathize and identify w/ the person's problem

Term

When asked about their preferred mode or style of interaction as a couple, both men and women prefer ________, in which they are open to the other's point of view and clearly express own opinions.

 

And both least prefer ________, in which one person expresses point of view and does not take the other person's point of view into consideration.

Definition
  • Contactful Interactions
  • Controlling Interactions
Term
Pattern of communication, closely associated with relationship dissatisfaction, in which one member (the demanderr) nags, criticizes, and makes demands of the other to change, while the partner (the withdrawer) avoids confrontation, becomes silent, and withdraws.
Definition

Demand-Withdraw Pattern

Term

The ability to experience an open, supportive, tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one's own identity in the process.

  • Usually acquired toward the end of early adulthood.
Definition

Intimacy

Term
A crisis resolution in which situational factors or a fragile sense of self leads a person to remain psychologically distant from others.
Definition

Isolation

Term
Feelings of loneliness can be separated into 3 categories:
Definition

1. Transient  

          -lasts a short time and passes, like hearing a song = memory

 

2. Situational

          -accompanies a sudden loss or move to new city

 

3. Chronic

          -lasts a long time and can't be linked to specific stressor

Term

In the resolution of the crisis of Intimacy versus Isolation in early adulthood, the ego quality of ________ emerges as the capacity for mutuality and devotion that transcends the secure attachement of infancy.

 

A set of feelings, thoughts, and motives that contribute to communication, sharing, and support (Sternberg, 1988).

Definition

Love

Term
According to Robert Sternberg's Triangle of Types of Love theory, almost all types of love may be viewed as a combination of 3 dimensions, which form a triangle that helps characterize the different types of love:
Definition

1. Intimacy     (best friends)

          -emotional investment in a rel that promotes closeness/connection


2. Passion     (infatuation, crush)

          -expression of physical/psychological needs & desires in the rel


3. Committment     ("empty marriage")

          -cognitive decision to remain in the rel

Term

In Sternberg's Triangle of Types of Love, each dimension changes over time.

 

________ is the most fleeting, and w/out commitment, is likely to result in short-lived love.

 

________ & ________ can grow stronger over time. However if both passion and intimacy decline, committment may as well.

 

________ can sustain a relationship and foster enduring love w/ or w/out the other two dimensions.

Definition
  • Passion
  • Intimacy & Commitment
  • Commitment
Term

By combining the different types of love, we get the relationships seen in life.

 

Intimacy & Passion combine to make ________.

 

Passion & Commitment combine to make ________.

 

Commitment & Intimacy combine to make ________.

 

and Intimacy, Commitment, & Passion combine to make ________.

Definition
  • Romantic Love
  • Fatuous Love
  • Companionate Love
  • Consummate Love
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