Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 11
Human Development
43
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/04/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
zygote
Definition
one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg
Term
germinal stage (1)
Definition
the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception
Term
placenta
Definition
structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother
Term
empbryonic stage (2)
Definition
second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month. Most vital organs and bodily systems form in the developing organism, now called embryo
Term
fetal stage (3)
Definition
the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth. Organs and structures continue to grow, and eventually function (hearing around 20 weeks)
Term
age of viability
Definition
age at which a baby can survive the event of premature birth
Term
cephalocaudal trend
Definition
the head-to-foot direction of motor development (crawling before walking)
Term
proximodistal trend
Definition
center-outward direction of motor development (gain control over torso before extremities)
Term
maturation
Definition
development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
Term
temperament
Definition
characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
Term
longitudinal design
Definition
investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time
Term
cross-sectional design
Definition
investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time
Term
Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess
Definition
conducted landmark longitudinal study of the development of temperament
Term
seperation anxiety
Definition
emotional distress seen in many infants around 14-18 months when they are seperated from ppl with whom they have formed an attatchment
Term
secure attatchment
Definition
infants comfterable when mother present, upset when she leaves, and calmed when she returns (Mary Ainsworth)
Term
anxious-ambivalent attachment
Definition
baby anxious when mother near, and protest excessively when she leaves, but not comforted when she returns.
Term
avoidant attachment
Definition
children seek little contact with mothers and often not distressed when she leaves
Term
disorganized-disoriented attachment
Definition
children appear confused about whether they hould approach or avoid their mother and are especially insecure
Term
cognitive development
Definition
transitions in youngster' patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
Term
assimilation
Definition
involves interpreting new experience in terms of existing mental structures without changing them
Term
accomodation
Definition
involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
Term
object permanence
Definition
develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
Term
Piaget's Model
Definition
a 4 stage theory of development
-sensorimotor period (birth-2)
-preoperational period (2-7)
-concrete operational period (7-11)
-formal operatinonal period (11-onward)
Term
sensorimotor period (birth-2)
Definition
-infants developing ability coordinate sensory input with motor actions
-development marked by cicular reactions (making a toy squeel by squeezing it)
-disappearence of symbolic thought (begin using mental images)
-object permanence
Term
conservation (Piaget)
Definition
term for awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in shape or appearence
Term
centration (Piaget)
Definition
tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
Term
irreversibility (Piaget)
Definition
inability to envision reversing an action
Term
egocentrism (Piaget)
Definition
thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint
Term
animism
Definition
belief that all things are living
Term
preoperational period (Piaget ages 2-7)
Definition
children gradually improve their use of mental images
Term
concrete operational period (Piaget ages 7-11)
Definition
children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events.
-Decline in egocentism, ability to concentrate on more than one feature of a problem simaltaneously
Term
formal operational period (Piaget ages 11 and beyond)
Definition
-adolescents become more systematic in problem-solving
-thought processes described as abstract, systematic, logical, reflexive
Term
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Definition
gap that a learner can accomplish alone and what they can achieve w/ guidance from more skilled partners
Term
scaffolding
Definition
when the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses
Term
habituation
Definition
gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly
Term
dishabituation
Definition
occurs when a new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of an habituated response
Term
pubescence
Definition
two-year span preceding puberty during which the changes leading to physical and sexual maturity take place
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
physical features that distinguish one sex from other NOT essential for reproduction
Term
menarche
Definition
the first occurrence of mestruation
Term
spermarche
Definition
first occurrence of ejaculation
Term
dementia
Definition
abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment
Term
sex
Definition
biologically based categories of male and female
Term
gender
Definition
culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity
Supporting users have an ad free experience!