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Chapter 1
The microbial world and you
53
Biology
Undergraduate 2
07/09/2008

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Cards

Term
Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Definition
microorganisms
Term
a rapidly growing cell
Definition
germ
Term

What can microorganisms do?

Definition
  • decompose organic waste
  • produce by photosynthesis
  • produce industrial chemicals (ethanol)
  • produce fermented foods (vineger, cheese)
Term
Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?
Definition
Linnaeus
Term
Each organism has 2 names _____ and _____
Definition
  • Genus
  • species
Term

Which name is captialized and which name is italicized?

Definition

Genus - capitalize

Species - italicize

Term

Who is E. Coli named after?

Definition
Theodor Escherich
Term

Characteristics of Bacteria

Definition
  • PROKARYOTES
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
  • Binary fission
  • Use organic or inorganic chem. for energy (photosynthesis)
Term
What is a prokaryotic?
Definition

Nucleus is not enclosed in membrane

Term

What is eukaryotic?

Definition
Nucleus is closed in a membrane
Term
Characteristics of Archae
Definition
  • PROKARYOTIC
  • Lack peptidoglyican (not all have cell walls)
  • Live in EXTREME environments:
  • methanogens
  • extreme halophiles
  • extreme thermophiles
Term
Characteristics of Fungi
Definition
  • EUKARYOTIC
  • Chitin cell walls
  • Use organic chemicals for energy
  • molds + mushroom are multicellular
  • yeast are unicellular
Term
In multicellular fungi..it is composed of filaments called ?
Definition
hyphae
Term

Characteristic of Protozoa

Definition
  • EUKARYOTES
  • absorb or ingest organic chemicals
  • may be motile
  • need carbon
Term
What are the 3 motile ways a protozoa can use move?
Definition
  • Pseudopods
  • Flagella
  • Cilia
Term
who described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings?
Definition
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
Term
What is spontaneous generation?
Definition

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. A "vital" force forms life

Term
What is the alternative hypothesis to spontaneous degeneration?
Definition

Biogenesis - that the living organims arise from preexisting life

Term
Who filled 6 jars with decaying meat?
Definition
Francisco Redi
Term
What were the results of Francisco redi's experiment with the 6 jars of decaying meat?
Definition

3 jars covered - no maggots

3 jars open - maggots appeared

Term
who put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks?
Definition
John needham
Term
what was the result of needham's experiment where he poured nutrient broth into a flask
Definition

the flask was closed - microbial growth occured

 

reason: the flask was contaminated and should have been sterile

Term
Who poiled nutrient broth solutions in flasks?
Definition
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Term
What was the result of Spallanzani boiling nutrient in the flask?
Definition
No microbial growth
Term
Who demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air?
Definition
Louis Pasteur
Term

How was Pasteur's invention of the S- shape flask prove to be beneficial?

Definition

The shape of the neck made it hard for organisms to get in

Term
What was considered the golden age of microbiology?
Definition

During Pasteur's work, discovering the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, antimicrobial drugs

Term
The conversion of sugar to alcohol
Definition
Fermentation
Term
What is responsible for food spoilage
Definition
microorganisms
Term

How can bacteria that use alcohol spoil wine?

Definition
It produces acetic acid and turns wine into vineger
Term
Pasteur discovered that food spoilage by bacterica could be prevented by what
Definition
heat
Term
Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
Definition

Agostino bassi

Term
Who advocated hand washing to prevent transmission puerperal fever from one OB patient to another
Definition
Ignaz Semmelwise
Term
Who used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infetions after looking at Pasteur's work showing microbes are in the air
Definition
Joseph Lister
Term
Who proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps. "Koch's postulate"
Definition
Robert Koch
Term

Who innoculated a person with cowpox virus?

Definition
Edward Jenner
Term

Treatment with chemicals

Definition
Chemotherapy
Term
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
Definition

antibiotics

Term
Who developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphillis
Definition
paul ehrlich
Term
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Definition
Alexander fleming
Term
The study of bacteria
Definition

Bacteriology

Term
The study of fungi
Definition
Mycology
Term
The study of protozoa and paristic worms
Definition
Parasitology
Term

The study of immunity

Definition
Immunology
Term
What are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases?
Definition
interferons and vaccines
Term
Who proposed the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes
Definition
Rebecca Lancefield
Term
The study of viruses
Definition
Virology
Term
What is recombinant DNA?
Definition
It is DNA made from 2 different sources.
Term

What two men showed that genes encode a cell's enzyme?

Definition
  • George Beadle
  • Edward Tatum
Term
What 3 men discovered DNA was the hereditary material?
Definition
  • Oswald Avery
  • Colin Macleod
  • Maclyn McCarty
Term
Microbial ecology
Definition
For human purposes
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