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Chapter 11/12
Kinetics/Solubility
23
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
02/09/2012

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Term
What is a solution made of?
Definition

Solute + Solvent

Solute: The chemical being dissolved

Solvent: The "base substance," Majority component.

*Note: Water is almost always the solvent, regardless of how much is being put in.*

Term
Molarity
Definition
M - Moles of solute/Liters of solution
Term
Molality
Definition
m - moles of solute/kg of solvent
Term
Density of solution
Definition
mass of solution(mass of solute+mass of solvent)/mL of solution
Term
Percent Mass
Definition
(Mass of solute/mass of solution) x 100%
Term
Mole fraction
Definition
moles of solute/moles of solution
Term
Which assumptions can be made regarding molarity, molality and % by mass?
Definition

Molarity - 1 liter of solution

Molality - 1 kg of solvent

% by mass - 100 g of solution

Term
Change in concentration
Definition
M1V1=M2V2
Term
Colligative properties
Definition

Properties of liquids that change when adding a dissolved solute (Ex: Salt on ice)

1.Vapor Pressuresolution = Mole fractionsolvent + Presuresolvent

2. Boiling point rises

3. Freezing point lowers

Term
Freezing point depression/Boiling point elevation
Definition

ΔT = iKm

 

i = number of ions (nonelectrolytes, i=1)

K = constant

m = molality

Term

Osmotic Pressure

(formula)

Definition

∏=MRT

 

∏ - osmotic pressure

M - molarity

Term
Rate of a zero order reaction
Definition

R=K

kt = [A0] - [A]

Term
Rate of a second order reaction
Definition

R=K [A]2

kt= (1/A)-(1/A0)

Term
Rate of a first order reaction
Definition

R=k[A]

kt = ln(A0/A)

Term
Half Life of a zero order reaction
Definition
t1/2 = [A]/2K
Term
Half life of a first order reaction
Definition
t1/2 = ln2/K
Term
Half life of a second order reaction
Definition
t1/2 = 1/[A]K
Term
Rate Constant K
Definition

K = A e-Ea/RT

or

ln k = ln A - Ea/RT

Term
Arrhenius Equation
Definition
ln(K2/K1) = -Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/T1)
Term

Osmotic pressure

(define)

Definition
The pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Term
Raoult's Law
Definition

VPsolution = (Xsolute)(Ppuresolute)

X = (moles of solute)/(moles of solute+moles of solvent)

Term
Rate of a Reaction
Definition
-(Δmolarity)/(Δtime)
Term
Constant for the boiling point elevation of a non-electrolyte
Definition
0.51 °C Kg/mol
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