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Chapter 10 Notes
Wilson G Block A
32
Science
8th Grade
12/17/2012

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Cards

Term
 Q: What is the water cycle?
Definition

A: The water cycle is the process of evaporation, condensation, precipitation reoccuring over and over again  to the water on Earth.

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Term
Q: What is the freezing point of salt water and fresh water?
Definition

A: Salt water has a freezing point of -1.9 degrees celsius and fresh water has a freezing point of 0 degrees celsius. The reason salt water has a lower freezing point is because the salt in the salt water lowers the freezing point of the solution.[image]

Term
Q: What is salinity?
Definition

A: Salinity is the amount of salt that has dissolved into water. Salinity is different depending on the location. Near the equator and North and South Poles, salinity is high whereas near the continents, salinity is lower than middle parts of the ocean. That is because fresh water from rivers near the continents dilute the salt water

Term
Q: What is a hydrologist and what do they do?
Definition

A: A hydrologist is a person who studies water systems in order to find ways to improve water quality and quantity.

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Term
Q: What is an oceanographer and what do they do?
Definition

A: An oceanographer is a person who studies ocean systems

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Term
Q: What is sublimation and deposition?
Definition

A:  Heat added to a solid can cause sublimation. Sublimation is the change of state of a substance directly from a solid into a gas, skipping the liquid state.


Heat taken away from a gas can cause deposition. Deposition is the change of state directly from a gas to solid, once again skipping the liquid state.

Term
Q: What is evaporation?
Definition

A: Heat added to liquid causes evaporation. Evaporation is the change of state of a substance from a liquid into a gas.

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Term
Q: What is condensation?
Definition

A: Heat taken away from a liquid causes condensation. Condensation is the change of state of a substance from a gas into a  liquid.

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Term
Q: What are sinkholes?
Definition

A: Sinkholes are formed when dissolved rock material lie near the surface. An area with many sinkholes is called a karst

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Term
Q: What is density?
Definition

A: Density is the mass of a given volume, it is measured in kg/m3. The formula to find density is mass divided by volume.

Salt in ocean water makes ocean water denser than fresh water.

Term
Q: Why is ocean water salty?
Definition

A:Ocean water is salty because when water moves through or over rocks and picks up dissolved solids. Undersea and land volcano eruptions contribute to the salinity because the eruptions release a vast amount of sulfur, chlorine, hydrogen, and flourine. 

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Term
Q: What is melting?
Definition

A: Adding heat to a liquid causes it to melt. Melting is the change of state of a substance from a solid into a liquid.

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Term
Q: What is solidification?
Definition

A: Taking away heat from a liquid causes it to solidify. Solidification is the change of state of a substance from a liquid into a solid.

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Term
Q: What is run-off and what factors affects it?
Definition

A: Run-off is when precipitation that has been rained down flows over the surface of the ground and runs off into bodies of water, this happens due to gravity pulling it. Factors that affect run-off is the nature of the ground material, the amount of rain, how long it rains, the slope of the land, the amount of vegetation, and the amount of development in the area.

Term
Q: What is a drainage basin?
Definition

A: A drainage basin or watershed is an area of land that drains run-off into a stream,lake, or river. 

Term
Q: What is the water table?
Definition

A: The water table is located in the zone of saturation and is the depth at which water is found underground.

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Term
Q: What is ground water?
Definition

A: Ground water is water that has seeped into and throught the pores or cracks of underground rocks.

Term
Q: What are glaciers?
Definition

A: Glaciers are colossal masses of snow and ice that gradually move downhill. There are two different types of glaciers; alpine glaciers and continental glaciers. 

Alpine glaciers are located and form in mountains and continental glaciers(ice sheets) cover up large areas of land.[image]

Term
Q: What are crevasses?
Definition

A: Crevasses are deep cracks that form when it slowly spills over the edge of land

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Term
Q: What are icebergs?
Definition

A: Icebergs are large chunks of a glacier that broke off due to gravity pulling down on them.

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Term
Q: What is weathering?
Definition

A: Weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller parts. There are 3 different types of weathering; physical weathering, chemcial weathering, and biological weathering.

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Term
Q: What is chemical weathering?
Definition

A: Chemical weathering is when a chemical reaction occurs that causes the rock to break down and or decompose. This causes the rock to change its composition and leave the rock weakened.

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Term
Q: What is physical weathering?
Definition

A: Physical weathering is when rocks are broken down through physical means, but its composition remains the same.

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Term
Q: What is biological weathering?
Definition

A: Biological weathering is when either a chemical or physical weathering has been caused by an organism.

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Term
Q: What is deposition?
Definition

A: Deposition is the dropping of rock pieces that have been transported from one area to another.

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Term
Q: What is erosion?
Definition

A: Erosion is the transportation of rock pieces away from the original spot. The main agents of erosion are, water,glaciers, gravity, and the wind.

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Term
Q: What are rapids?
Definition

A: Rapids are where water moves swiftly over multiple exposed pieces of rock, these can be formed usually where a river channel is rocky and steep

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Term
Q: What are landslides?
Definition

A: Landslides is when a sudden, quick movement of rock material is moving down a slope on a hill or mountain. An avalanche is a landslide of ice and snow which you have probably another heard of

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Term
Q: What are striations?
Definition

A: Striations are scratch marks left on rocks made by ice sheets that slowly moved downhill and scraped the land it was passing.

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Term
Q: What is a delta?
Definition
A: A delta is an area of sediment that has built up and then deposited where a river empties itself into a lake or an ocean. [image]
Term
Q: What are the four features deposited by a glacier?
Definition

A: Esker- Winding ridge of material that is deposited by a stream that is running under a glacier


Erratic- A large boulder that is deposited by a glacier


Moraine- Ridge of rocky material


Outwash- Material deposited by the water of melting glaciers

Term
Q: What are the 5 features carved by a glacier?
Definition

A: Arete- Narrow ridge that is between 2 cirques


Cirque- Located at the head of a glacier, bowl shaped


Fiord- A narrow inlet of ocean that is in between steep cliffs


Hanging valley- U-shaped valley that is cut off by a bigger valley that was created by an even larger glacier


Horn- Located between 3 cirques, pyramid shaped peak

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