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Chapter 10 key terms
The water cycle plays a vital role on Earth.
30
Science
8th Grade
01/05/2013

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Term
Condensation
Definition

The change of state from gas to liquid. Happens whem heat is taken away from water vapour.

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Term
Evaporation
Definition

The change of state from liquid to gas. Happen when heat is added to liquid.

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Term

Freezing point

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Definition
The point when liquid turns into a solid(solidification). For water the freezing point is 0°C.
Term

Hydrologist

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Definition
A person who studies Earth's water systems and helps find solutions to problems of water quality and quantity.
Term

Melting

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Definition
The change of state from solid to liquid form. Happens when heat is added to frozen water(for example an ice cube).
Term

Solidification

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Definition
The change of state from liquid to solid. Happens when energy is removed from water, or when water reaches it's freezing point.
Term

Sublimation

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Definition
The change of state from ice to water vapour(skipping liquid state).Happens when a large amount of energy is added to matter.
Term

Density

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Definition
The measure of the mass of an object of a given volume. Can also be explained as a measure of how tightly packed together a material is in an object. Density is measured in kg/cm3. It can be calculated by dividing mass by volume(m/v).
Term

Salinity

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Definition
The amount of salt dissolved in water.
Term

Crevasse

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Definition
Deep cracks that form on glaciers when spilling over land mass and heading into water.
Term

Glaciers

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Definition
Traps two thirds of the world's fresh water in the form of snow or ice. Glaciers are large blocks or sheets of ice that slowly flow downhill. For a glacier to form, more snow must fall than melts in the summer. After many years of this happening, the snow gets very deep, compressing the snow on the bottom into ice. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth’s land area. There are two types of glaciers. Alpine, or valley, glaciers are
located in mountain areas. Continental glaciers, or ice sheets, are much more massive and cover large areas of land. The two largest ice sheets on Earth are found in Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers have an enormous effect on the water cycle. During the last ice age (which started about 70 000 years ago and ended just 10 000 years ago), glaciers covered most of the northern part of the world—and all of British Columbia. The water that normally would have been moving through the water cycle was frozen in ice. Ocean levels around the world also dropped about 100m below what they are today.
Term

Gravity

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Definition
The force that pulls run-offs to down to the lowest point is can reach. It is also the same force pulling everything towards the centre of Earth.
Term

Ground Water

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Definition
The water makes its way into spaces(pores) of rock. It can flow like water in a river, but instead of following a river valley, ground wter flows through the rock pores.
Term

Iceberg

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Definition
Big chunks of ice that fall from glaciers and into the water.
Term

Cave

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Definition
These underground caves are formed by acidic water dissolving rocks.
Term
Delta
Definition

A area of built-up sediment deposited where a river empties into an ocean or a lake.

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Term

Deposition

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Definition
One way of changing Earth's surface with building up. Creates many notable features on Earth's surface. It is responsible for building features such as sand dunes and deltas. This word comes from the verb "to deposit".
Term

Erosion

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Definition
The process of transporting rock fragments from their original location. The main transporters of erosion are water, glaciers, gravity, and wind. Erosion can occur quickly, unlike weathering, for example: all it takes is one wave to flatten a sand castle.
Term

Karst

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Definition
An area with many sinkholes.
Term

Landslide

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Definition
A sudden, rapid movement of rock material down the slope of a hill or mountain.
Term

Rapids

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Definition
The place where water moves very quickly or rapidly over exposed pieces of rock. The water flow there is jumbled and chaotic, and the water can look white with the churning of air bubbles. Rapids form where a channel is very rocky and steep.
Term

Striations

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Definition
Scratch marks left on rocks when ice sheets are being pulled down by gravity.
Term

Weathering (chemical, biology, physical)

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Definition

Weathering

The process of breaking down rock into smaller fragments.

 

Chemical weathering

A chemical reaction causes rock to break down, or decompose. When it occurs, the mierals in the rocks change their composition and the rock becomes weaker.

 

Physical weathering

Rocks being broken down by physical means, such as being scratched to bits by harder rocks, but their chemical composition does not change.

 

Biological weathering

The situation wher chemical and physical weathering happens together.

Term

Sinkholes

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Definition
Created if the dissolved rock material lies close to the surface, or if the cave formed by the dissolved rock collapses.
Term

Aquifier

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Definition
A layer of rock that is porous and allows water to flow through it.
Term

Reservoir

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Definition
Large human-made or natural lakes that store water until people need it. The place where many people who live in cities or towns get their household water.
Term

Water Table

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Definition
The depth deep into ground where water can be found. It lies at the level called zone of saturation.
Term

Drainage Basin

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Definition
The area of land on which precipitation falls and works its way into a comon river. Also called watershed. Any water falling into a drainage basin will flow down into a particular stream.
Term

Run-off

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Definition
The flow of water from a higher point to a lower point or ocean due to the effects of gravity.
Term

Water cycle

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Definition
The cycle that changes the state of water constantly, there is no beginning or end to this cycle.
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