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Chapter 10
Radioactivity and Nuclear processes
63
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
07/23/2006

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Term
Radioactive nuclei
Definition
nuclei that undergo spontaneous changes and emit energy in the form of radiation
Term
radioactive decay
Definition
a process in which an unstable nucleus changes energy state and in the process emits radiation
Term
alpha particle
Definition
the particle that makes up alpha rays. It is identical to the helium nucleus and is composed of two protons and two neutrons
Term
beta particle
Definition
the particle that make up beta rays. It is identical to an electron but is produced in the nucleus when a neutron is changed into a proton and an electron.
Term
gamma rays
Definition
a high-energy ray that is like an x-ray but with a higher energy
Term
radioisotope
Definition
an isotope of an element that emits nuclear radiation
Term
daughter nuclei
Definition
the new nuclei produced when unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay
Term
positronn
Definition
a positively charged electron
Term
electron capture
Definition
a mode of decay for some stable nuclei in which an electron from outside the nucleus is drawn into the nucleus, where it combines with a proton to form a neutron.
Term
half-life
Definition
the time required for one half-life the unstable nuclei in a sample to undergo radioactive decay
Term
radical or free radical
Definition
an electron-deficient particle that is very reactive
Term
acute radiation syndrome
Definition
the condition associated with and following short-term exposure to intense radiation
Term
inverse square law of radiation
Definition
a mathmatical way of saying that the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
Term
physical unit of radiation
Definition
a radiation measurement unit indicating the activity of the source of the radiation, for example the number of nuclear decays per minute
Term
biological unit of radiation
Definition
a radiation measurement unit indicating the damage causedby radiation living tissues
Term
curie
Definition
a physical unit of radiation measurement corresponding to 3.7 x 10 to the 10th nuclear disintegrations per second
Term
becquerel
Definition
a physical unit of radiation measurement corresponding to one nuclear disintergration per second
Term
roentgen
Definition
a biological unit of radiation measuremnt
Term
who discovered radioactivity
Definition
henri becquerel
Term
what year was radioactivity discovered
Definition
1896
Term
how did henri becquerel discover radiation
Definition
photographic plate and rock containing uranium
Term
what two people did most of the early work on radioactivity
Definition
pierre and marie curie
Term
transmutation
Definition
any change from one element into another
Term
atomic number corresponds to what
Definition
the number of protons
Term
mass number
Definition
number of protons plus number of neutrons
Term
nucleon
Definition
either a proton or a neutron
Term
are isotopes always unstable
Definition
no
Term
what isotopes of hydrogen are stable or unstable
Definition
1H and 2H are stable, 3H are unstable
Term
which isotopes of carbon are stable and which are unstable
Definition
12C, and 13C are stable and 11C and 14C are unstable
Term
what is the mass and charge of gamma rays
Definition
no mass or charge
Term
beta particles
Definition
electrons from nucleus (not outer shell)
Term
radioisotope
Definition
radioactive isotope
Term
during an equation for nuclear reactions, the number of nucleons
Definition
stayes the same
Term
the total number of nucleons in reactants in the same as the the total number of
Definition
nucleaons in the products
Term
how many protons and neutrons are in an alpha particle
Definition
two of each
Term
where do alpha particles come from
Definition
the nucleus
Term
what is the charge on the alpha particles
Definition
plus 2
Term
during positron emission a proton is converted into
Definition
a positron plus a neutron
Term
during electron capture, an electron is sucked up by the nucleus and a
Definition
proton and a proton is converted into a neutron
Term
definition of half-life
Definition
the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to undergo decay
Term
can you predict what the half life of a nuclide will be
Definition
no it must be determined experimentally
Term
how are free radicals formed
Definition
radiation may knock electrons out of compounds, which form free radicals that are very reactive
Term
which is more dangerous: long term or short term exposure to free radicals
Definition
long term
Term
acute radiation syndrome is caused by
Definition
high doses of radiation in a short period of time (tissue rapidly destroyed)
Term
radiation intensity varies with
Definition
distance squared
Term
the farther away one is
Definition
the lower the intensity of radiation felt
Term
rsoentgen are used with
Definition
x-rays or gamma rays (measures ionizing ability)
Term
rad
Definition
radiation absorbed dose
Term
what does rentgen measure
Definition
ionizing ability
Term
what do rads measure
Definition
energy transfered to the material
Term
what do rems measure
Definition
health effects
Term
three ways to measure radiation
Definition
geiger counter, film, scintillation counting
Term
how do they measure radiation in the lab (the most accurate)?
Definition
scintillation counting
Term
tracers
Definition
incorporate radioactive nuclides into biological molecules so can follow metabolilc processes
Term
what do you want to be accurate when using radiation for therapeutic uses
Definition
the absporption to be very specific
Term
what tracer do they use to follow photosynthesis
Definition
14 CO2
Term
artificial transmutation
Definition
creation of a new isotope by bombardment of a material with particles
Term
nuclear fission
Definition
a larder atom is split a part into smaller atoms
Term
is a lot of energy given off during nuclear fission
Definition
yes
Term
what is the only natural element that will undergo fission
Definition
235 uranium
Term
what happens to the nucleus during fission
Definition
it breaks apart and smaller atoms are created
Term
nuclear fusion
Definition
elements melted together
Term
where does fusion occur naturally
Definition
the sun
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