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Chapter 10
Motivation
42
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/28/2013

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Term
Motivation
Definition
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, which arise from the interplay between nature (physiological push) and nurture (cognitive pull).
Term
Instinct
Definition
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
i.e. birds imprinting.
Term
Drive-reduction theory
Definition
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
- When a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive.
- we are pushed by our "need" to reduce drives, and we are pulled by incentives.
i.e. the food-deprived person who smells baking bread feels as a strong hunger drive. In the presence of that drive, the baking bread becomes a compelling incentives.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
Term
Incentive
Definition
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Term
Hierarchy of needs
Definition
Maslow's pyramid of human needs. Physiological needs must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Term
Glucose
Definition
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Term
Set point
Definition
the point at which as individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Term
Basal metabolic rate
Definition
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
Term
Sexual response cycle
Definition
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Term
Refractory period
Definition
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
Term
Sexual disorder
Definition
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
- Male: premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction
- Women: orgasmic dysfunction
Term
Estrogens
Definition
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Term
Sexual orientation
Definition
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either on's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). This is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed.
Term
Instinct theory
Definition
later replaced by evolutionary perspective, focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
Term
Optimum Arousal
Definition
Lacking stimulation, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level, but given too much stimulation, we feel stressed and look for a way to decrease arousal.
Term
Abraham Maslow's pyramid
Definition
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Belongingness and love needs
4. Esteem needs
5. Self-actualization needs
6. Self-transcendence needs
Term
What physiological factors produce hunger?
Definition
1. People regulate their caloric intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable body weight.
2. Low level of glucose causes the brain to trigger hunger.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Monitors levels of the body's appetite hormones. There are two distinct centers that influence eating:
1. Lateral hypothalamus: brings on hunger by triggering the hormone orexin.
2. Ventromedial hypothalamus: depresses hunger.
Term
Ghrelin
Definition
a hunger-arousing hormone.
Term
Obestatin
Definition
sends out a fullness signal that suppresses hunger.
Term
PYY
Definition
a hormone secreted by the digestive tract.
Term
Leptin
Definition
a protein that is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food.
Term
Fat
Definition
is an ideal form of stored energy: a high-calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods when food is scarce.
Term
Anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
Term
Bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Term
Binge-eating disorder
Definition
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.
Term
The social effects of obesity
Definition
Obesity can also be socially toxic, by affecting both how you are treated and how you feel about yourself. Weight discrimination occurs at every stage of the employment cycle and is, indeed, more likely to affect women.
Term
Sexual motivation
Definition
is nature's clever way of making people procreate, thus enabling their genes' survival. The desires and pleasures of sex are our genes' way of preserving and spreading themselves.
Term
Excitement phase
Definition
men's and women's genital areas become engorged with blood.
Term
Plateau phase
Definition
excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase.
Term
Orgasm phase
Definition
muscle contractions all over the body, there is a further increase in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates.
Term
Resolution phase
Definition
the male enters a refractory period, lasting from a few minutes to a day or more.
Term
How do sex hormones influence human sexual motivation?
Definition
1. They direct the physical development of male and female sex characteristics.
2. They activate sexual behavior.
Term
How are hunger and sex different? The same?
Definition
Hunger responds to a need. Sex is NOT a need. Both depend on internal physiological factor and both are influenced by external, imaged stimuli, and cultural expectations.
Term
What factors influence teen pregnancy?
Definition
1. Ignorance
2. Minimal communication about birth control
3. Guilt related sexual activity
4. Alcohol use
5. Mass media norms
Term
Erotic plasticity
Definition
Women respond more nonspecifically to depictions of sexual activity involves males or females.
Term
Fraternal birth-order effect
Definition
Men who have older brothers are also somewhat more likely to be gay.
Term
What evidence points to our human need to belong?
Definition
We have a need to affiliate with others, even to become strongly attached to certain others in enduring, close relationships.
- Social bonds boosted our ancestors' survival rate.
Term
What occurs when our need for relatedness is fulfilled?
Definition
There is a deep sense of well-being and our self-esteem rides high. Much of our social behavior therefore aims to increase our belonging.
Term
Ostracism
Definition
social exclusion, which threatens one's need to belong.
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