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Chapter 10 vocab
pgs 196, 200, 204
29
Biology
10th Grade
09/16/2010

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Term
nucleotide
Definition
 
in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Term
deoxyribose
Definition
 
a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
Term
nitrogenous base
Definition
 
an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
Term
purine
Definition
a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine
Term
pyrimidine
Definition

a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil
Term
base pairing rules
Definition

the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
Term
complementary base pair
Definition
the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine
Term
Base Sequence
Definition
the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA
Term
DNA replication
Definition

the process of making a copy of DNA
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
 
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule
Term
helicase
Definition

an enzyme that separates DNA strands
Term
replication fork
Definition

a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
Term
semi-conservative replication
Definition

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
Term
mutation
Definition

a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
Term
RNA
Definition

ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
Term
rRNA
Definition

 
ribosomal RNA, an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function

Term
transcription
Definition
the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template
Term
translation
Definition

the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

Term
protein synthesis
Definition
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
Term
ribose
Definition

a five-carbon sugar present in RNA
Term
mRNA
Definition
 
messenger RNA, a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
Term
transfer RNA
Definition
 
an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition

an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template
Term
promoter
Definition

a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene
Term
termination signal
Definition
a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
Term
genetic code
Definition

the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
Term
codon
Definition

in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal
Term
anticodon
Definition

a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA
Term
genome
Definition

the complete genetic material contained in an individual
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