Term
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Definition
| A strong affectional bond with special others that endures over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pleasurable tactile sensations provided by a soft and cuddly "parent" is a powerful contributer to attachment. |
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Term
| Strange nsituation procedure |
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Definition
| Researcher observes infants in the presence or absence of their mother and a stranger. Children would be divided into three groups: securely attached, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent. |
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Term
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Definition
| When exposed to the stranger, the infact seeks closeness and contact with the mother, uses the mother as a safe base from which to explore. A)shows moderate distress on separation from the mother.B)happy when the mother returns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The infact does not seek closeness or contact with the mother, treats the mother much like a stranger, and rarely cries when the mother leaves the room. |
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Term
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Definition
| The infant becomes very upset when the mother leaves the room. When she returns the infant seeks close contact and then squirms angrily to get away. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stages 1 and 2-birth to adolescence. Kohlberg's first level of moral development, in which morality is based on rewards, punishment, and the exchange of favors. Moral judgement is self centered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stages 3 and 4- adolesence to young adulthood. Kohlberg's second level of moral development in which moral judgements are based on compliance with the rules and values of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stages 5 and 6-adulthood. Kohlberg's highest level of moral development, in which individuals develop personal standards for right and wrong, and they define morality in terms of abstract prinicples and values that apply to all situations and societies. |
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Term
| Erkisons Eight Stages- Stage 1 |
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Definition
Trust versus mistrust (birth-age 1)
Infants learn to trust that their needs will be met, esp. by the mother; if not, mistrust develops. |
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Term
| Eriksons Eight Stages- Stage 2 |
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Definition
Autonomy versus shame and doubt.(ages 1-3)
Toddlers learn to exercise will, make choices, and control themselves. Caregivers' patience and encouragement help foster a sense of auntonomy versus shame and doubt. |
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Term
| Eriksons Eight Stages-Stage 3 |
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Definition
Initiative versus guilt.(ages 3-6)
Preschoolers learn to initiate activities and enjoy their accomplishments. Caregivers who are supportive and encouraging promote feelings of power and self-confidence versus guilt. |
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Term
| Erkisons Eight Stages-Stage 4 |
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Definition
Industry versus inferiority.(ages 6-12)
Elementary school-aged children develop a sense of industry and learn productive skills that their culture requires (such as reading, writing, and counting); if not, they feel inferior. |
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Term
| Eriksons Eight Stages-Stage 5 |
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Definition
Identity versus role confusion.(ages 12-20)
During a period of serious questioning and intense soul-searching, adolescents develop a coherent sense of self and their role in soceity. Failure to resolve this identity crisis may be related to a lack of a stable identity, delinquency, and difficulty in maintaining close personal relationships in later life. |
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Term
| Eriksons Eight Stages-Stage 6 |
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Definition
Intimacy versus isolation.(ages 20-30)
After learning who they are and how to be independent, young adults form inimate connections with others; if not, they face isolation and consequent self-absorption. |
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Term
| Eriksons Eight Stages-Stage 7 |
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Definition
Generativity versus stagnation(ages 30-65)
Middle-aged adults develop conern for establishing and influencing the next generation. If this expansion and effort do not occur, an individual stagnates and is concerned solely with material possessions and personal well-being. |
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Term
| Eriksons Eight Stages-Stage 8 |
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Definition
Ego integrity versus despair(age 65+)
Older people enter a period of reflection. They either achieve a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction with the lives they've lived and accept death or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological maleness and femaleness, including chromosomal sex. Also, activities related to sexual behaviors, such as masturbation and intercourse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological maleness and femaleness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural meanings that accompany biological sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
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Term
| Big Five Personality Traits. (O) |
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Definition
| Openness. People who are original, imaginative, curious, open to new ideas, artisitc, and interested in cultural pursuits. |
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Term
| Big Five Personality Traits (C) |
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Definition
Conscientiousness.
People who are responsible, self-disciplined, organized, and achieving at the high end to irresponsbile. |
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Term
| Big Five Personality Traits(E) |
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Definition
Extroversion.
People that are withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved. |
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Term
| Big Five Personality Traits(A) |
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Definition
Agreeableness.
People who are good-natured, warm, gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful. |
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Term
| Big Five Personality Traits(N) |
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Definition
Neuroticism.
People who are emtionally unstable and prone to insecurity, anxiety, guilt, worry, and moodiness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of innate, biological insticts and urges. It is immature, impulsive, and irrational. Unconscious and serves as the reservoir of mental energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for planning, problem solving, reasoning, and controlling the potentially destructive energy of the ID. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of ethical rules for behavior. Develops from internalized parental and societal standards. Constantly strives for perfection and is therefore as unrealisitic as the ID. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ego operates on this. Understand and deal with objects and events in the "real world". |
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Term
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Definition
| When the IDs primitive builds up, it seeks this to relieve tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the ego fails to stisfy the ID and the superago, anxiety slips into conscious awareness. Because anxiety is uncomfortable , people avoid it through this. Repression, sublimation, denial, rationalzation, intellectualization, projection, reaction formation, regression, displacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes each persons internal feelings, thoughts, and sense of basic worth. Belief that people are natrually good and possess a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inborn drive to develop all ones talents and capacities. Involves understanding ones own potential, accepting oneself and others as unique individuals, and taking a problem-centered approach to life situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Banduras term for the learned belief that one is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and achieving personal goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Banduras belief that cognitions, behaviors, and the enviroment interact to produce personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempts to determine the extent to which behavioral differences among people are due to genetics as opposed to environment. |
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Term
| Inventory (objective test) |
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Definition
| Standardized questionnaires that require written responses, usually to multiplechoice or true-false questions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological tests that use ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious thoughts onto the test material. |
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Term
| 4 criteria for abnormal behavior (1) |
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Definition
| Statisitical infrequency. Behavior may be judged abnormal if it occurs infrequently in a given population. |
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Term
| 4 criteria for abnormal behavior (2) |
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Definition
| Disability or dysfunction. People who suffer from psychological disorders may be unable to get along with others, hold a job, eat properly, or clean themselves. |
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Term
| 4 criteria abnormal behaviors (3) |
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Definition
| Personal distress. Focuses on ones judgement of his or her level of functioning. |
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Term
| 4 criteria abnormal behavior (4) |
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Definition
| Violation of norms. Violation of social norms, or cultural rules that guide behavior in particular situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic and statistical manual or mental disorders, text revision, forth edition. Used to describe abnormal behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden, but brief, attacks of intense apprehension that cause trembling, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Usually happen after a frightning experience or prolonged stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involve a strong, irrational fear and avoidance of objects or situations that are usually considered harmless. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fear of a specific object or situation, such as needles, heights, rats, or spiders. |
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Term
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Definition
| People that restrict their normal activities because they fear having a panic attack in crowded, enclosed, or wide-open places where they would be unable to receive help in an emergnecy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irrationally fearful of embarrassing themselves in social situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves persistent, unwanted fearful thoughts or irresistible urges to perform an act or repeated ritual which help relieve the anxiety created by the obsession. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| Long lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated episodes of mania and depression. (unreasonable elation and hyperactivity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Person is overly excited, extremely active, and easily distracted. Exhibits unrealisitically high self-esteem, an infalted sense of importance and poor judgement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior. The individual withdraws from people and reality often into a fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research indicates that the rick for schizophrenia increases with genetic similarity; that is, people who share more genes with a person who has schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger amounts can cause schizophrenia and small amounts decrease it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress plays an essential role in triggering schizophrenia episodes in people with an inherited predispostion toward the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dominated by delusions and halluncinations. |
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Term
| Disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Characterized by incoherent speech, flat or exaggerated emotions, and social withdrawal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marked by motor disturbances and echo speech. |
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Term
| Undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Meets the criteria for schizophrenia but is not any of the above subtypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior. The individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delusions and halluncinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Was known as multiple personality disorder. Person has at least two separate and distinct personalities. Each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and social relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Considered the most serious personality disorder. People with this feel little personal stress. Egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, and superficial charm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Problems related to unusual preoccupation with physical health or physical symptoms with no physical cause. |
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