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chapter 1 set
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30
Psychology
12th Grade
01/11/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
hindsight bias
Definition
tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it
Term
critical thinking
Definition
thinking that does not bindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asseses conclusions.
Term
hypothesis
Definition
testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Term
operational definition
Definition
statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.
Term
replication
Definition
repeating the essence of a research studt, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basis finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances.
Term
case study
Definition
observation technnique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Term
survey
Definition
technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of ppl usually by questionsing a representative, random sample of them.
Term
false consensus effect
Definition
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Term
population
Definition
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
Term
random sample
Definition
sample that fairly represents a population bc each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
The correlation coefficient a concept from statistics is a measure of how well trends in the predicted values follow trends in past actual values.  It is a measure of how well the predicted values from a forecast model "fit" with the real-life data.
Term
scatterplot
Definition
grraphed cluster of dots, each of which rep. the values of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).
Term
experiment
Definition
Research method that involves manipulating independent variables to determine how they affect dependent variables
Term
placebo effect
Definition
In drug research, positive effects associated with a person's beliefs and attitudes about the drug, even when it contains no active ingredients
Term
independent variable
Definition
Variable manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable
Term
culture
Definition
enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of ppl and transmitted from one group to the next
Term
range
Definition
difference between the highest and lowest scores in distribution
Term
standard deviation
Definition
computed measures of how much scores vary around the mean score
Term
statistical significance
Definition
statistical criteria for rejecting the assumption of no difference in a particular study
Term
mode
Definition

most frequent occuring score in distribution

Term
mean
Definition
arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
Term
median
Definition
middle score in distribution; half the scores are above it and half below it
Term
dependent variable
Definition
experimental factor- in psychology, behavior or mental process- that is being measurd ; variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Term
independent variable
Definition
experimental factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied
Term
random assignment
Definition
assigning participants to excperimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences b/n those assigned to the different groups
Term
placebo effect
Definition
any effect on behavior caused by a placebo
Term
experimental conditon
Definition
condition of an experimental that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Term
double blind procedure
Definition
experimental procedure in which both the research oarticipants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the placebo or the treatment. commonly used in drug-evalution studie.
Term
placebo
Definition
latin for "I shall please" an inert substance or condition that may be adminsitered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent.
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