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Chapter 1 - Matter, Energy, and Origins of the Universe
Vocabulary
40
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2010

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Term
Matter
Definition
the material of which the universe is made; all of it has mass and occupies space
Term
Mass
Definition
a property that defined the quantity of matter in an object; measured with balances
Term
Chemistry
Definition
the science of matter and the study of its composition, structure, and properties
Term
Pure Substance
Definition
has the same physical and chemical properties independent of its source
Term
Mixture
Definition
combination of pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their chemical identities
Term
Homogenous Mixture
Definition
consists of components that are distributed uniformly throughout and have no visible boundaries or reigions
Term
Heterogeneous Mixture
Definition
has distinct regions of different composition, like particles of silt suspended in water
Term
Element
Definition
a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
Term
Compound
Definition
a substance composed of two or more elements linked together in fixed proportions
Term
Volume
Definition
the space occupied by matter
Term
Law of Constant Composition
Definition
states that all samples of a particular compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions
Term
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
STM
Definition
an instrument that generates images of surfaces at the atomic state
Term
Atom
Definition
the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of that element
Term
Molecule
Definition
a collection of atoms chemically bonded together; the smallest entity that contains the constituent atoms of a compound in their characteristic proportions
Term
Chemical Formula
Definition
consists of the symbols of the constituent elements in a compound with subscripts to identify the number of atoms of each element present in one molecule
Term
Chemical Equation
Definition
uses chemical formulas to express the identities and quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
the transformation of one or more substances into different substances
Term
Chemical Bond
Definition
the force that holds two atoms together in a molecule
Term
Filtration
Definition
a process for separating particles in a liquid or gas from that liquid or gas by passing the mixture through a medium that retains the particles
Term
Solution
Definition
another name for a homogenous mixture; often liquids, but they may also be solids or gases
Term
Distillations
Definition
a separation technique in which the more volatile (ore easily vaporized) components of a mixture are vaporized and then condensed, thereby separating them from the less volatile components
Term
Intensive Property
Definition
a characteristic that is independent of the amount of substance present
Term
Extensive Property
Definition
a characteristic that varies with the quantity of the substance present
Term
Physical Property
Definition
a characteristic that can be observed without changing it into another substance
Term
Density
Definition
the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume; intensive property
Term
Chemical Property
Definition
a characteristic of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance
Term
Solid
Definition
consists of atoms or molecules in close contact with each other and often in an organized agreement; have a definite shape and volume
Term
Liquid
Definition
consists of atoms or molecules in close proximity to each other (usually not as close as in a solid); occupy a definite volume, but flow to assume the shape of their containers
Term
Gas
(Vapor)
Definition
consists of very widely separated atoms of molecules; gases have neither definite shape or volume, and they expand to fill their containers
Term
Sublimation
Definition
the transformation of a solid directly to a gas
Term
Deposition
Definition
the transformation of a vapor directly into a solid
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
an approach to acquiring knowledge that is based on careful observation of phenomena; development of a simple, testable explanation; conducting additional experiments that test the validity of the hypothesis
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations
Term
Scientific Theory
(Model)
Definition
a general explanation of widely observed phenomena that have been extremely tested
Term
Significant Figures
Definition
the number of digits in a measured value; they include all the digits of know values plus the first uncertain digit to the right of the know digits; the greater the number of digits, the greater the certainty with which the value is known
Term
Precision
Definition
the repeatability of a measurement and the extent to which repeated measurements agree among themselves
Term
Accuracy
Definition
the agreement between an experimental value and the true value
Term
Conversino Factor
Definition
a fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator but is expressed in different units
Term
Kelvin
Definition
the SI unit of temperture
Term
Absolute Zero
Definition
theoretically the lowest temperature possible
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