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Chapter 1 & 17 Vocab
Dustman's Vocab
70
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
01/14/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Endospore
Definition
An extremely heat- and chemical-resistant, dormant, thick-walled spore that develops within some gram-positive bacteria.
Term
Endosybiotic Hypothesis
Definition
The theory that the eucaryotic organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when bacteria estblished an endosymbiotic relationship with ancestral cells and then evolved into organelles.
Term
Eukarya
Definition
The domain that contains organisms composed of eucaryotic cells with primarily glycerol fatty acyl diesters in their membranes and eucaryotic rRNA.
Term
flagella
Definition
A thin, threadlike appendage on many procaryotic and eucaryotic cells that is responsible for their motility.
Term
Genus
Definition
A well-defined group of one or more species that is clearly separate from other organisms.
Term

Germ Theory of Disease

Definition

Koch employed a series of Postulates to establish relationships as causative agents of disease:

 

1. The microbe must be present in every case of disease but absent in healthy organisms.

2. The suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

3. The same disease must result when the isolated organism is inoculated into a healthy host.

4. The same microbe must be re-isolated from the diseased host.

Term
Heterotroph
Definition
An organism that uses reduced, preformed organic molecules as its principle carbon source.
Term
Horizontal Transmission
Definition
The process in which genes are transferred from one mature, independent organism to another.
Term
Kingdom
Definition

the old mode for taxonomy of organisms (5 Kingdoms)

-Based Primarily Phenetic Observations

  • Membrane Size
  • Cell Size
  • Cell organization
-Kingdoms were: Animalia,Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera 
Term
Koch
Definition
Developed solid microbiological medias for obtaining isolated pure cultures of bacteria.    demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease.  Employed a series of postulates (Koch’s Postulates: Germ Theory of Disease) to establish relationships as causative agents of disease.
Term
Linnaeus
Definition
Developed Binomial Nomenclature
Term
Lister
Definition
 Found aseptic technique. Believed that germs on the skin & surgical equipment caused wound infections. (also heat-sterilized instruments).
Term
LUCA
Definition

"Last Universal Common Ancestor"

 

Lack of Fossil Evidence to confirm LUCA:

  • Small Microbe Cell Walls
  • small size of cells
  • can look for signature compounds of life.
Term
Microorganism
Definition
An Organism that is too cmall to be seen clearly with the naked eye.
Term
Morphology
Definition
A branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
Term
Morphovar
Definition
A strain that is differentiated on the basis of morphological distinctions.
Term
mutation
Definition
a permanent, heritable change in genetic material.
Term
nucleoid
Definition
An irregularily shaped region in the procaryotic cell that contains its genetic material.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
A membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, in the form of histones, to form chromosomes.
Term
Organelle
Definition
A stucture withing or on a cell that performs specific functions and is related to the cell in a way similar to that of an organ to the body.
Term
Nutrient Cycle
Definition
Is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter.
Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
A large polymer of long chains of alternating N-actetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid residues. It provides much of the strength and rigidity possessed by bacterial cells walls.
Term
Phenetic Classification
Definition
A classification system that groups organisms together based on the similarity of their observable characteristics.
Term
Phylogenic Classification
Definition
A classification system based on evolutionary relationships rather than the general similarity of their observable characteristics.
Term
Pleomorphic
Definition
Refers to bacteria that are variable in shape and lack a single, characteristic form.
Term
Postulate
Definition
A thing suggested or assumed as true as the basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief.
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
  • Exists only as unicellular organisms.
  • Lack Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and chloroplasts.
  • Condensed region of DNA is not bound by a membrane--> nucleoid.
Term

Eukaryote

Definition
  • Can be unicellular, or multi-cellular.
  • Have mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi Bodies.
  • Condensed region of DNA is bound by membrane (nuleus).
Term
Protist
Definition
Unicellular (and rarely acellular) eucaryotic organisms that lack cellular differentiation into tissues.  Vegetative cell differentiation is limited to cells involved in sexual reproduction, alternate vegetative morphology, or restiing states such as cysts.
Term
pseudopeptidoglycan
Definition
Is a major cell wall component of some archae that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure.
Term
pseudopodia
Definition
A nonpermanent cytoplasmic extension of the cell body by which amoebid protists move and feed.
Term
Pure Culture
Definition
A population of cells that are indentical because they arise from a single cell.
Term
Redi
Definition

challenged Spontaneous Generation with a set of experiments using decaying meat and maggots. Ended up proving theory was wrong.

Term
RNA World
Definition
The theory that posits that the first self-replicating molecule was RNA and this lef to the evolution of the first ever primitive cell.
Term
Sacrophyte
Definition

An organism taht takes up nonliving organic nutrients in dissolved form and usually grows on decomposing organic matter.

 

Term
Schwann
Definition

allowed air to enter a flask containing a sterile nutrient solution after the air had passed through a red-hot tube.  The flask remained sterile.—concluded air carries germs.

Term
Schroder
Definition

allowed air to enter a flask of heat-sterilized medium after it had passed through sterile cotton wool. Now growth occurred in the medium even though the air had not been heated.

                -concluded that cotton/wool can keep germs out when used as a stopper and that air carries germs that are obstructed by the cotton/wool.

Term
Serovar
Definition
A technique or serological procedure used to differentiate between strands (serovars or serotypes) of microorganisms taht have differences in the antigenic composition of a structure or product.
Term
Spallazani
Definition

proposed that air carried germs to the culture  medium, but also commented that the external air might be required for growth of animals already in the medium.  The Supporters of Spontaneous Generation maintained that heating the air in the sealed flasks destroyed its ability to support life.

Term
Species
Definition

Species of higher organisms are groups of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding natural populations  that are reproductively isolated.

 

Procaryotic species are collections of strains that have many stable properties in common and differ significantly from other groups of strains.

Term
Spirillum
Definition
A rigid, spiral-shaped bacterium.
Term
Spirochete
Definition
A flexible, spiral-shaped bacterium with periplasmic flagella.
Term
Spontaneuos Generation
Definition
Theory that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter.
Term
Sterilization
Definition
The process by which all living cells, viable spores, viruses, and viroids are either destroyed or removed from an object or habitat.
Term
Strain
Definition
A population of organisms that descends from a single organism or pure culture isolate.
Term
Superdomain
Definition

The taxonomic group that categorizes all life forms on the earth.

Two Superdomains:

  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
Term
Taxonomy
Definition

The science of biological classification; it consists of three parts:

  • classification
  • nomenclature
  • identification
Term
Tyndall
Definition

notes that conditions of sterilization were different between all of the individuals who tried to repeat Pasteur.

                -Hypothesized that some forms of germs may be more resistant  to heat.

Term
vaccine
Definition
A preparation of either killed mircoorganisms; living, weakened (attenuated) mircroorganisms; or inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids).  It is administered to induce development of the immune response and protect the individual against a pathogen or a toxin.
Term
Vertical Transmission
Definition
Passing of genes in Eukaryotes from one generation to another.
Term
Van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
created microscope. Men’s clothes maker, wanted to prove that his fibers were better. 300x. Discovered “animalcules” (bacteria and protozoa) and described several morphologies.
Term
Vibrio
Definition
A rod-shaped bacterial cell that is curved to form a comma or an incomplete spiral.
Term
Acellular Organism
Definition
Not actual living organisms. Viruses are an example. Organisms that need other organisms to live off of.
Term
Agar
Definition
• Gelatin- like substance used to culture bacteria. More stable at higher temps and most bacteria don’t use it. Koch used this in his experiments.
Term
Algae
Definition
very simple autotrophic organisms. Can be unicellular to multicellular. Photosynthetic like plants but not as organized.
Term
Animalcules
Definition
Microscopic animals or protozoans.
Term
archaea
Definition
Single celled microorganisms. No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
Term
attenuation
Definition
a gradual loss of energy
Term
autotrophic
Definition
Organism that makes organic material from simple non-organic material through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Term
bacillus
Definition
Gram +, rod shaped bacteria
Term
bacteria
Definition
domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
Term
binary fission
Definition
• Form of asexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes. The cell produces two smaller cells that are both viable and can grow and reproduce.
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
Genus species
Term
bioremediation
Definition
Use of microorganisms metabolism to remove pollutants.
Term
Biovar
Definition
A variant prokaryotic strain that differs biochemically and/ or physiologically from other strains in a specific species
Term
cellular organism
Definition
Organism that is made up of cell either unicellular or multicellular
Term
cilia
Definition
hair like organelle found on eukaryotic cells. Used as a sensory and movement organelle.
Term
coccus
Definition
Bacterium with a spherical shape
Term
Cohn
Definition
Demonstrated the existence of heat resistant germs. He and Tyndall formed a unified concept of sterilization
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
Skeleton of the cell in the cells cytoplasm made up of protein.
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