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Chap 6-10
vocab
92
Sociology
Undergraduate 4
10/27/2010

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Term
abortion
Definition
the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive on its own. this can occur either spontaneously (miscarriage) or be induced through a variety of external methods
Term
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Definition
a viral syndrome that destroys the body's immune system
Term
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Definition
a viral syndrome that destroys the body's immune system
Term
adultery
Definition
extramarital sexual intercourse
Term
affinal relatives
Definition
people related by marriage and not by blood; brother- or sister-in-law
Term
amniocentesis
Definition
a prenatal test in which a needle is inserted into the mother's uterus to collect cells cast off by the fetus for the purpose of testing for genetic diseases or defects in the fetus
Term
antinatalist forces
Definition
policies or practices that discourage people from having children
Term
artificial insemination
Definition
the injection of sperm into the vagina or uterus of an ovulating woman
Term
assisted reproductive technology (ART)
Definition
a general term that includes all treatments or procedures involving the handling of human eggs and sperm to establish a pregnancy
Term
autoeroticism
Definition
sexual activies involving only the self, for example, masturbation, sexual fantasy, and erotic dreams
Term
bigamy
Definition
the act of marrying one person while still being legally married to another person
Term
bisexuality
Definition
a person who has partners of both sexes either simultaneously or at different times
Term
coitus
Definition
penile-vaginal intercourse
Term
common-law marriage
Definition
a cohabitive relationship that is based on the mutual consent of the persons involved, is not solemnized by a ceremony, and is recognized as valid by the state
Term
commune
Definition
a group of people (single or married, with or without children) who live together, sharing many aspects of their lives
Term
commuter marriage
Definition
a marriage in which each partner works in a different geographic location and therefore maintains a separate place of residence
Term
conception
Definition
the process by which a female ovum (egg) is penetrated by a male sperm cell, creating a fertilized egg
Term
congenital
Definition
existing at birth but not hereditary
Term
conjugal rights
Definition
a set of rights pertaining to the marriage relationship
Term
contraception
Definition
mechanisms for preventing ferilization
Term
couvade
Definition
sympathetic pregnancy; a condition in which some men experience may of the symptoms of pregnancy
Term
coverture
Definition
the traditional belief that a wife is under the protection and influence of her husband
Term
cunnilingus
Definition
oral stimulation of the female genitals
Term
domestic partnership
Definition
a category of relationships consisting of unmarried couples who live together and share housing and financial responsibilities. some communities and businesses allow unmarried couples who register as domestic partners to receive certain legal rights similar to those of married couples
Term
ejaculation
Definition
expulsion of semen from the penis
Term
embryo transplant
Definition
a procedure whereby a fertalized egg from a donor is implanted into an infertile woman
Term
family and medical leave act
Definition
a law that allows either parent to take up to 3 months of unpaid leave for births, adoptions, and family emergencies
Term
fellatio
Definition
oral stimulation of the male genitals
Term
feminization of poverty
Definition
the increase in the proportion of poor people who are women or children
Term
fertility
Definition
the actual number of live births in a population
Term
fertility rate
Definition
the number of births per 1000 women in their child-bearing years (ages 15 to 44)
Term
flextime
Definition
an arrangement that allows employees to choose within specified time limits when they arrive at and leave work
Term
fornication
Definition
sexual intercourse outside legal marriage
Term
generalized others
Definition
the viewpoints of society at large - widespread cultural norms and values that individuals use as a reference when evaluating themselves
Term
group marriage
Definition
a marriage of at least four people, two female and two male, in which each partner is married to all partners of the opposite sex
Term
heterogamous marriage
Definition
marriage in which the partners are unlike each other in terms of various social and demographic characteristics, such as race, age, religious background, social class, and education
Term
heterosexism
Definition
the notion that heterosexuality is the only right, natural, and acceptable sexual orientation
Term
heterosexuality
Definition
both identity and behavior; includes a preference for sexual activities with a person of the other sex
Term
HIV embryopathy
Definition
used by some researchers to describe specific facial malformations (for example, small heads, slanted eyes that sit far apart from each other, a square forehead, a wide and flat nose, loosely shaped lips, and a growth deficiency)
Term
homophobia
Definition
an extreme and irrational fear or hatred of homosexuals
Term
homosexuality
Definition
both identity and behavior; includes preferences for sexual activities with a person of the same sexh
Term
human sexuality
Definition
the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of humans who have learned a set of cues that evoke a sexual or an erotic response
Term
infant mortality rate
Definition
the rate at which babies die before their first birthday
Term
infertility
Definition
the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to live birth
Term
in vitro fertilization
Definition
a reproductive technique that involves surgically removing a woman's eggs, fertilizing them in a petri dish with the partner's or donor's sperm, and then implanting one or more of the fertilized eggs in the woman's uterus
Term
job sharing
Definition
an employment pattern in which two workers split a single full-time job
Term
labor force participation rate
Definition
the percentage of workers in a particular group who are employed or who are actively seeking employment
Term
legal marriage
Definition
a legally binding agreement or contractual relationship between two people that is defined and regulated by the state
Term
marital adjustment
Definition
the process by which marital partners change or adapt their behavior, attitudes and interactions to develop a good working relationship and to satisfy each other's needs over the marital life course
Term
masturbation
Definition
erotic stimulation of self through caressing or otherwise stimulating the genitals for the purpose of sexual pleasure
Term
masturbation
Definition
erotic stimulation of self through caressing or otherwise stimulating the genitals for the purpose of sexual pleasure
Term
menopause
Definition
a period in the female life cycle (typically between the ages of 45 and 50) characterized by the cessation of ovulation, the menstrual cycle, and fertility
Term
morbidity
Definition
the rate of occurrence of illness or disease in a population
Term
mortality
Definition
the rate of occurrence of death in a population
Term
motherhood mystique
Definition
the traditional belief that the ultimate achievement and fulfillment of womanhood is through motherhood
Term
nocturnal emissions
Definition
erotic dreams that lead to orgasm during sleep
Term
occupational distribution
Definition
the location of workers in different occupations; for example, women are more heavily concentrated in lower-paying clerical jobs or service jobs, whereas men are concentrated in the higher-paying jobs of craft workers and operators
Term
orgasm
Definition
a human sexual response that occurs at the height of sexual arousal. it is characterized by the involuntary release of sexual tension through rhythmic contractions in the genitals and is accompanied in most males by ejaculation
Term
ovulation
Definition
the release of the mature egg
Term
palimony
Definition
a payment similar to alimony made to a former unmarried live-in partner and based on the existence of a contract (written or implied) between the partners regarding aspects of their relationship
Term
pay equity
Definition
equal pay of work of equal value
Term
personal marriage agreement
Definition
a written agreement between a married couple in which issues of role responsibility, obligation, and sharing are addressed in a manner tailored to their own personal preferences, desires, and expectations
Term
petting
Definition
various types of physical contact and activities for the purpose of sexual arousal and pleasure without engaging in penile-vaginal intercourse. it is common among adolescent girls and boys.
Term
pleasuring
Definition
engaging in activities during a sexual encounter that feel good; giving and receiving pleasurable feelings without the necessity of intercourse
Term
postnatal depression
Definition
a condition experienced after the birth of a child and characterized by mood shift, irritability and fatique
Term
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
Definition
requires that pregnant employees be treated the same as employees with any temporary disability
Term
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Definition
allows physicians to identify abnormalities such as Down syndrome or genetic diseases such as muscular dystrophy in the embryo before implantation
Term
prenuptial agreement
Definition
an agreement developed and worked out in consultation with an attorney and filed as a legal document prior to marriage
Term
principle of legitimacy
Definition
the notion that all children ought to have a socially and legally recognized father
Term
pronatalist attitude
Definition
a cultural attitude that encourages childbearing
Term
push/pull factors
Definition
negative and positive factors in a current situation that influence our decision making
Term
role overload
Definition
a situation in which a person's various roles carry more responsibilities than that person can reasonably manage
Term
sacrament
Definition
a sacred union or rite
Term
safe sex
Definition
protection from AIDS and other stds through abstinence or use of protective methods such as condoms
Term
sexual double standard
Definition
differing sets of norms based on gender
Term
sexual dysfunction
Definition
a psychological or physical condition in which a person is unable to engage in or enjoy sexual activities
Term
sexual harassment
Definition
unwanted leers, comments, suggestions, or physical contact of a sexual nature, as well as an unwelcome request for sexual favors
Term
sexual identity
Definition
refers to how a person describes her or his sexuality and how that person expressed that self to others
Term
sexual orientation
Definition
the ways in which people understand and identify themselves sexually
Term
sexual script
Definition
societal or cultural guidelines for defining and engaging in sexual behaviors
Term
sexually transmitted infection (STI)
Definition
infections acquired primarily through sexual intercourse
Term
significant others
Definition
people who play an important role in a person's life, such as parents, friends, relatives, and religious figures
Term
singlism
Definition
the negative stereotypes and discrimination faced by singles
Term
social marriage
Definition
a relationship between people who cohabit and engage in behavior that is essentially the same as that within legal marriages except that the couple has not engaged in a marriage ceremony that is validated or defined as legally binding by the state
Term
sonogram
Definition
a visual image made of a fetus and generated and printed out on a screen during an ultrasound
Term
surrogacy
Definition
the process whereby a woman agrees to be artificially inseminated with a man's sperm, carry the fetus to term, and relinquish all rights to the child after it is born
Term
total fertility rate
Definition
the average number of children women have over their lifetime if current birth rates were to remain constant
Term
ultrasound
Definition
a prenatal test that allows a physician to observe the developing fetus directly by viewing electronically the echoes of sound waves pulsating through the pregnant woman's body
Term
underemployment
Definition
a concept that refers to several patterns of employment: part-time workers who want to work full-time, full-time workers who make very low wages, and workers with skills higher than those required by their current job
Term
wet dreams
Definition
erotic dreams that lead to orgasm during sleep
Term
working poor
Definition
underemployed individuals who work full time but make very low wages
Term
zygote
Definition
a single-celled fertilized ovum that contains the complete genetic code for a human being
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