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Chap 17-18
Adrenergics/Cholinergics
41
Nursing
Not Applicable
04/29/2011

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Term
What 2 sub-systems is the autonomic nervous system divided into?
Definition
The sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
What controls the sympathetic nervous system?
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
What controls the parasympathetic nervous system?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
Adrenergics are also called and stimulate what?
Definition
sympathomimetics; sympathetic system; "fight or flight"
Term
Adrenergics control which neurotransmitters?
Definition
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2
Term
What does neurotransmitter alpha 1 control?
Definition
vasoconstriction: which elevates BP and heart rate, dilates pupils, decreases salivation and urination
Term
What does neurotransmitter Alpha 2 control?
Definition
vasodilation by stopping influx of norepinephrine: decreases BP, heart rate, and GI motility
Term
What does neurotransmitter beta 1 contol?
Definition
Heart: increases rate and contraction
Term
What does neurotransmitter beta 2 control?
Definition
bronchodilation: increases uterine and bladder relaxation and promotes blood flow to skeletal muscles
Term
What is the acronym for the sympathetic system?
Definition
CANT's - Pee, Poop, See, Spit
Term
What are the classifications of Adrenergics/Sympathomimetics?
Definition
direct-acting: epinephrine, indirect-acting: amphetamine, mixed-acting: ephedrine
Term
What are the pharmacodynamics of adrenergics?
Definition
Treat anaphylaxis, vasoconstricts, bronchodilates
Term
What are the pharmacokinetics of adrenergics?
Definition
SQ, IV, topical, inhalation
Term
What situations are contraindications or cautions for the use of adrenergics?
Definition
Cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and pregnancy
Term
Adrenergic blockers are also called and block what?
Definition
Sympatholytics; effects of adrenergics at receptor sites
Term
What do alpha-adrenergic blockers do?
Definition
promote vasodilation, decrease BP, increase HR trying to compensate; selective & non-selective
Term
What are alpha-adrenergic blockers used to treat?
Definition
PVD and decrease symptoms of BPH
Term
What are the side effects of alpha-adrenergic blockers?
Definition
cardiac dysrythmias, flushing, hypotension, reflex tachycardia
Term
What do beta-adrenergic blockers do?
Definition
slows heart rate and eases contractions; bronchoconstriction and increases GI motility
Term
Are beta-adrenergic blockers selective or non-celective?
Definition
Either; selective:metoprolol (Lopressor), atenolol (Tenormin); non-selective: propanolol HCL (Inderal)
Term
What are the side effects/adverse reactions to beta-adrenergic blockers?
Definition
bradycardia, hypotension, headaches, hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, agranulocytosis
Term
What drugs do beta-adrenergic blockers interact with?
Definition
Dilantin, Isuprel, NSAID's, Xanthines
Term
Cholinergics are also called and stimulate what?
Definition
Parasympathomimetics; parasympahtetic system; "rest and digest"
Term
Cholinergics control which neurotransmitter?
Definition
acetylcholine (ACh)
Term
Cholinergics target 2 receptor sites?
Definition
Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic
Term
Muscarinic receptors control?
Definition
smooth muscle and slows heart rate
Term
Nicotinic receptors control?
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
What is the acronym for the parasympathetic system?
Definition
SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea/Diaphoresis, GI peristalsis, Edema/Emesis
Term
What are the classifications of Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics?
Definition
Direct acting, indirect acting, and reversible/irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors
Term
What are the effects, examples, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of direct-acting cholinergics?
Definition
acts on muscarinic receptors, non-specific; bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) for neurogenic bladder; pilocarpine for glaucome; increase micturition (urination); PO, SQ; hypotension, bradycardia, excessive salivation, increased secreetion of gastric acid, bronchoconstriction, abdominal cramps
Term
What are the effects, examples, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of indirect-acting cholinergics?
Definition
inhibit cholinesterase to allow ACh to work; no examples; used to increase muscle tone in myasthenia gravis patients; side effect: bradycardia, asthma, peptic ulcers; contras: intestinal & urinary obstructions
Term
Explain reversible cholinesterase inhibitors.
Definition
short therapeutic action; produce pupil constriction in glaucoma patients - increase IO press: med-haloparmene; increase muscle strength in myasthenia gravis patients
Term
Explain irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors.
Definition
long acting-days or weeks; decrease IO press; antidote to reverse organophosphate: pralidoxime (Protopam)
Term
Cholinergic blockers are also called and block what?
Definition
anticholinergics/parasympatholytics/cholinergic or muscarinic antagonists/antimuscarinic agents/antispasmodic agents; block the effects of cholinergics at receptor sites: inhibit the action of acetylcholine
Term
What do anticholinergics do?
Definition
decrease GI motility and secretions, increase heart rate, dilate pupils, relax GI tract/bladder, decrease salivation/perspiration/secretions
Term
What are the side effects/adverse reations of anticholinergics?
Definition
CANT's: tachycardia, dry mouth, abdominal distention, palpitations, nasal congestion, photophobia, blurred vision, flushing, urinary retention
Term
What are examples of anticholinergic drugs?
Definition
Detrol, Cogentin, Atropine
Term
What is the antidote for cholinergic overdose?
Definition
Atropine
Term
Anticholinergic drugs used to treat Parkinsonism or pseudoparkinsonism?
Definition
benztropine (Cogentin), biperiden (Akineton, procyclidine (Kemadrin), trihexyphenidyl HCL (Artane)
Term
Other anticholinergics used to treat moption sickness?
Definition
scopolamine (Transderm Scop), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Term
Side effects of antihistamine-anticholinergics?
Definition
dry mouth, visual disturbances, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, hypotension
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