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Ch9 Cellular Respiration
BIO181 BIO 181 Obermiller
105
Biology
Undergraduate 2
06/14/2012

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Term
The only enzyme shared by the electron transport system and the kreb's cycle.

The site where FADH2 is formed.
Definition
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Term
How many NADH molecules generated for each glucose molecule in the Kreb's cycle?
Definition
Six
Term
How many electrons are transferred to NADH?
Definition
Two
Term
What type of reaction involves the exchange of electrons or protons?
Definition
Redox
Term
What is the ATP forming pathway that requires oxygen?
Definition
Respiration
Term
How many electrons are transferred to NADH?
Definition
Two
Term
What is the energy currency of the cell?
Definition
ATP
Term
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of NAD+ to NADH?
Definition
Dehydrogenase
Term
What is the mitochondrial site of the Kreb's cycle?
Definition
Matrix
Term
What particles can be seen on the mitochondrial membrane?
Definition
Elementary
Term
What molecule combines with Acetyl CoA to start the Kreb's cycle and is recycled during the process?
Definition
Oxaloacetate
Term
How many electrons are transferred to NADH?
Definition
Two
Term
Who proposed the Chemiosmotic theory of protein synthesis?
Definition
Mitchell
Term
The site of Glycolyis.
Definition
Cytosol
Term
What is the ATP forming pathway that does not require oxygen and produces alcohol or lactic acid as final products?
Definition
Fermentation
Term
What is the first stage in respiration that involves the splitting of glucose into 2 triose molecules ultimately forming pyruvates?
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
What is the worlds smallest motor that uses the Hydrogen concentration gradient to drive ATP synthesis?
Definition
ATP Synthase
Term
What are the pigments that transport electrons in the electron transport system and change colors in the process?
Definition
Cytochromes
Term
What molecule is formed by the transfer of pyruvate into the mitochondria?
Definition
Acetyl CoA
Term
The enzyme that changes the structure of its substrate.
Definition
Isomerase
Term
The hexose that is split into 2 triose sugars during glycolysis.
Definition
Glucose
Term
What is the mitochondrial site of the electron transport chain?
Definition
Inner Membrane
Term
How many steps are there in the Kreb's cycle?
Definition
Eight
Term
What compound blocks the electron transport at complex IV?
Definition
Cyanide
Term
What cycle generates several high energy electron transport molecules for later use in generating ATP via electron transport?
Definition
Kreb's
Term
What enzyme adds a phosphate group to its substrate?
Definition
Kinase
Term
What electron transport molecule enters the electron transport system at Complex I?
Definition
NADH
Term
What molecules are pumped out of Complex I, III, and IV of the electron transport chain?
Definition
Protons
Term
What is the source of almost all the energy used by life?
Definition
Sunlight
Term
How many net ATP are generated by the electron transport system per molecule of glucose?
Definition
Thirty-Four
Term
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in respiration?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
What enzyme is found in the electron transport system and is also used as an antioxidant?
Definition
Coenzyme Q
Term
How many electrons are transferred to NADH?
Definition
Two
Term
Why do cells require energy?
Definition
In order to do work
Term
How many protons are transferred to NADH?
Definition
One
Term
What electron transport molecule enters the electron transport system at Complex II?
Definition
FADH2
Term
Name three ways ATP is used in the cell.
Definition

Transport work

Mechanical work

Chemical work

Term
How does adding a phosphate to molecules perform work?
Definition
Phosphorylation (adding a phosphate) which causes the protein to change its shape.
Term
Where does the majority of energy for living systems come from?
Definition
Sunlight
Term
How is this energy (sunlight) stored in plants?
Definition
Photosynthesis
Term
What molecules do we use to generate ATP?
Definition

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Alcohol (ethanol)

Term
Describe fermentation.
Definition

An ATP producing pathway in which both electron donors and acceptors are organinc compounds.

 

Anaerobic

Partial degradation of sugars

Produces 2 ATP

Term
How many ATP does fermentation produce?
Definition
Two
Term
What are the by-products of fermentation?
Definition

CO2

Lactic Acid

Alcohol (Ethanol)

Term
What are the by-products of fermentation in humans?
Definition
Lactic Acid
Term
Does fermentation occur if oxygen is present?
Definition
No, Cellular Respiration occurs
Term
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Definition

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Term
Where in the cell does each stage of cellular respiration occur?
Definition

Glycolysis - Cytosol

Krebs Cycle - Matrix

ETC - Inner Membrane

Term
What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?
Definition

Reactants: Glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP + 2 P

 

Products: 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (net +2)

Term
What are the reactants and products of krebs cycle?
Definition

Reactants: 2 Acetyl CoA, 8 NAD+, 2 FAD+, 2 ADP + 2P

 

Products: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2, 2 ATP

Term
What are the reactants and products of electron transport chain?
Definition

Reactants: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

 

Products: 34 ATP

Term
Write the equation for respiration.
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --->6CO2 + 6H2O
Term
Write the equation for photosynthesis.
Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O--->C6H12O6 + 6O2
Term
What is the relationship between the equations for respiration and photosynthesis?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is dehydrogenase?
Definition

Enzyme that removes a pair of hydrogen atoms from a substrate (glucose).

 

I.e. delivers two electrons an one proton to NAD+ forming NADH and releasing the remaining proton (H+) into the surrounding solution

Term
What is a kinase?
Definition
 
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
Term
What is an isomerase?
Definition
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a specified compound to an isomer.
Term
What roles do dehydrogenase, kinase, and isomerase plan in glycolysis?
Definition

Hexokinase: catalyses a-D-Glucose + ATP à Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) + ADP

 

Phosphoglucose Isomerase: catalyses  Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) à Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)

 

Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase:

 

 

Term
During glycolysis, the hexose sugar glucose is split into two trioses? What is this stage called?
Definition
Energy Investing Phase
Term
How many ATPs does it cost to split glucose into two trioses?
Definition
Two
Term
The second half of glycolysis forms ATPs and pyruvate.
What is this stage called?
Definition
Energy Yielding (Payoff) Phase
Term
Provide an example of reduction using NAD+ and glucose as the reactants.
Definition
Cellular Respiration - Redox process

Transfers hydrogen with higher potential energy from glucose to a coenzyme like NAD+
Term
What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?
Definition
As pyruvate is transported into the inner matrix of the mitochondria.

The carboxyls is removed as CO2
2 NADHs are formed
Coenzyme A (CoA) combines to form Acetyl CoA
Term
What is the waste product produced as pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
Definition
CO2
Term
What molecule is formed as pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
Definition
2 Acetyl CoA
2 NADH
Term
After acetyl CoA is generated, what happens next?
Definition
The Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle
Term
What molecule does Acetyl CoA combine with when it enters the Krebs Cycle?
Definition
Oxaloacetate
Term
What does Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate form?
Definition
Citrate
Term
What is the purpose of combining Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate?
Definition
To input acetic acid and start the Krebs Cycle
Term
Which molecule is regenerated in the Krebs Cycle?
Definition
Oxaloacetate
Term
How many ATPs are formed per glucose?
Definition
Two (net)
Term
How many NADHs are formed per glucose?
Definition
Ten
Term
How many FADH2s are formed per glucose?
Definition
Two
Term
What is the purpose of producing NADH and FADH2?
Definition
Most of the potential energ for reacctions is stored in these electron carriers for delivery to the electron transport chain
Term
What happens to NADH and FADH2 after the Krebs Cycle?
Definition
They go through the electron transport chain
Term
Where is the electron transport chain?
Definition
Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria
Term
What part of the ETC can you take as an anti-oxidant?
Definition
Coenzyme Q (CoQ)
Term
What happens when cyanide gets into your cells?
Definition
Cyanide covalently bonds and blocks the electron transport chain at Complex IV
Term
What does this mean for the ETC and ATP production when the ETC is blocked at Complex IV?
Definition
The ETC can not complete its function and no ATP is produced from the ETC as a result
Term
Why do you die from cyanide?
Definition
Cyanide covalently bonds and blocks the ETC at Complex IV, this ceases cellular respiration thus you essentially die from suffocation.
Term
Which parts of the ETC are electrogenic pumps?
Definition
Complex I, III, and IV
Term
How many protons are pumped out per electron?
Definition
Two
Term
How many protons have to flow back in to generate one ATP?
Definition
Two
Term
How many protons are pumped by NADH?
Definition
Six
Term
How many protons are pumped by FADH2?
Definition
Four
Term
How many ATPs can be generated by NADH?
Definition
30 ATP
Term
How many ATPs can be generated by FADH2?
Definition
4 ATP
Term
What is the orientation of ATP Synthase?
Definition
After Complex IV
Term
Where is sub-component F0 of ATP synthase found?
Definition
Inner Membrane
Term
Where is sub-component F1 of ATP synthase found?
Definition
Matrix
Term
Describe how electrical charges drive ATP Synthase.
Definition
Turning the motor
Term
What does this accomplish that is similar to phosphorylation accomplishes?
Definition
Attaches phosphates to ADP
Term
How many 1 million dollar nobel prizes were awarded for the people who discovered this system?
Definition
Two - John Walker and Paul Boyer
Term
How many ATPs are generated using the ETC?
Definition
34 ATP
Term
Why couldn't we just ferment (why do we need so many ATPs) like yeast?
Definition
Because it fuels everything that humans do. We are much more complex than yeast thus we need more energy.
Term
The Krebs cycle produces which of the following molecules that then transfer energy to the electron transport system?
Definition
FADH2 and NADH
Term
Which of the following does not participate in glycolysis?
Definition
fatty acids
Term
In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions
Definition
provide the energy to establish the proton gradient.
 
Term
All of the following are functions of the Krebs cycle except
Definition
adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water.
 
Term
What must a muscle cell do to keep contracting?
Definition
regenerate ATP at a very fast rate
 
Term
Carbon skeletons to be broken down during cellular respiration can be obtained from
Definition
polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids
 
Term
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
Definition
inner membrane
Term
Glycolysis is a(n) __________ reaction.
Definition
exergonic
Term
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in
Definition
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
 
Term
All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions except
Definition
acetyl CoA.
 
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