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Ch. 4 Energy of life
energy
41
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/06/2011

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Term
Energy
Definition
the ability to do work
Term
potential energy
Definition
stored energy, available to do work
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
energy being used to do work
Term
Calorie
Definition
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C
Term
Kilocalorie
Definition
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a kilogram by 1 C
Term
Thermodynamics
Definition
Study of energy transformation
Term
1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
Definition
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, and energy transformation is inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as heat
Term
What are the two most important energy transformations?
Definition
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Term
Metabolism
Definition
the biochemical reactions of a cell, both building and breaking down molecules
Term
Metabolic Pathways
Definition
the product of one reaction becomes the starting point of another reaction
Term
What are the two categories of metabollic reactions?
Definition
Endergonic and Exergoinc
Term
Endergonic
Definition
requires an input of energy to proceed, products contain more energy from reactants, builds complex molecules from simpler components
Term
Exergonic Reaction
Definition
releases energy, products contain less energy than the reactants, break large molecules into small ones
Term
Chemical Equilibirum
Definition
reaction goes in both directions at the same time
Term
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Definition
transfer energized electrons from one molecule into another
Term
Oxidation
Definition
loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion
Term
Reduction
Definition
gain of electrons, requires an input of energy
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate - covalent bonds that temporarily store much of the released energy of life, intermediate molecule, 3 phosphate groups
Term
How is energy released from atp?
Definition
Energy is released by breaking away a phosphate molecule, and stored by addingone one
Term
Coupled Reactions
Definition
Simultaneous reactions in which one provides the energy that drives another
Term
Phosphorylating
Definition
when a cell uses atp as an energy souce by transfering its phosphate group to another molecule - energizes the target molecule, and changes shape of phosphate molecule
Term
What are some functions of Enzymes?
Definition
speeding chemical reactions, copydyn, build proteins, digest food, recycle cells
Term
What lowers the amount of energy required in a reaction?
Definition
Enzymes
Term
Cofactors
Definition
non-protein helpers that must be present for an enzyme to speed a reaction
Term
What is negative feedback and what are the two ways in which it works?
Definition
it is an excess of a reactions product, and it inhibits the enzyme that controls its formulation, it works via noncompetitive and competitive inhibition
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Definition
prevents binding by attaching to enzymes at an area other than the active site, altering its shape so that it can no longer bind
Term
Competitive Inhibition
Definition
product of a reaction binds directly to an active site, preventing bonding
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
product activates a pathway that leads to its own production
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region, dissipates unless energy is expended to maintain it
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
substance moves across a membrane without the direct expenditure of cellular energy
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
No proteins required, form of passive transport in which a solute moves down its concentration gradient with the use of a carrier molecule, freely crosses a cell membrane
Term
Osmosis
Definition
simple diffusion of water across a biological membrane
Term
Isotonic
Definition
plasma's solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell
Term
hypotonic
Definition
concentration of solutes is lower than in the inside of the cell - pushes water back out
Term
hypertonic
Definition
surroundings have a higher concentration of solutes that the cells cytoplasm - keeps water
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
form of passive transport in which a membrane protein assists the movement of a polar solute along its concentration gradient, does not require energy expenditure
Term
active transport
Definition
cell uses a transport protein to move a solute against its concentration gradient from where it is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated
Term
What three processes work to transport small substances?
Definition
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
allows a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules and bring them into the cell - brings molecules in
Term
What are the two types of endocytosis?
Definition
Pinocytosis (most endocytosis cells, brings in small amounts of fluids and dissolved substances) and Phagocytosis (engulfs large particles)
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
opposite of endocytosis, uses vesicles to transport fluids and large particles out of cells - takes particles OUT of cells, builds up in golgi apparatus, vesicle joins with it, expels them
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