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Ch. 2 and 3
bio test
54
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/10/2014

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Term
5 characteristics of water:
Definition

1) attracts other water molecules

2)Interacts with, dissolves substances

3) regulates temperature

4)Expands as it freezes

5) can have different PH values

Term
Define cohesion
Definition
tendency of some molecules to stick together
Term

Surface tension

Benefits:

Definition

barrier on surface of liquid

Keeps small objects out

Term
Define dissolve
Definition
solvent surrounds then breaks up substance by separating its atoms ot molecules
Term
Solvent
Definition
Substance that can dissolve
Term
Solution
Definition
Substance+Solvent
Term
Why is water an excellent solvent?
Definition
Dissolves things easily; doesn't let them reform
Term
Benefits of using water to dissolve
Definition
Surrounds things and doesn't let them reform
Term
Differences between hydrophobic and hydrophillic
Definition

hydrophobic: "Water-fearing"; nonpolar

hydrophillic: "Water-loving"; polar

Term
How do hydrogen bonds affect water as its temperature rises?
Definition
hold water back, more heat is needed to raise temp
Term
how do hydrogen bonds affect water and it evaporates?
Definition
absorbs enough heat hydrogen bonds break and water evaporates
Term
Benefits of evaporation?
Definition
Evaporated water carries excess heat away as a cooling effect
Term
How do hydrogen bonds affect solid water?
Definition
bonds rigid and lock into a pattern that spreads out the molecules
Term
benefits of solid water
Definition
less dense, floats to top (helps survival)
Term
Difference between neutral, acidic, basic solutions
Definition

Neutral: Amount of H+ and OH- are equal

Acidic: Amount of H+ is greater than OH-

Basic: Amount of H+ is less than OH-

Term
Define acid
Definition
Substance that releases H+ into water
Term
Define base
Definition
Substance that combines with and removes H+ from water
Term
pH measures:
Definition
how acidic or basic a solution is
Term
pH scale
Definition

7 and under: Acidic

Over 7: Basic

Term

The more acidic the _____ H+

The more basic the _____ H+

Definition

more

less

Term
Define organic molecules
Definition
contains carbon and hydrogen
Term
Define inorganic molecules
Definition
lacks carbon or hydrogen
Term
describe dehydration synthesis
Definition
removing OH from one monomer and H from another to formĀ  polymer covalent bond forms between the molecules
Term
4 most abundant organic molecules
Definition

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acid

Term
Describe Carbohydrates and useful functions
Definition

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at a ratio of 1:2:1

functions: Simple sugars and complex carbs

Simple sugars: sweet, dissolve in water; provide cells with ready energy source

Term
define monosaccharide
Definition
carbohydrate monomer unit
Term
define dissaccharide
Definition
2 joined monosaccharides
Term
define polysaccharide
Definition
100+ saccharide units as long chainsn or branches
Term
Describe lipids and useful functions
Definition

Mostly carbon and hydrogen, do not dissolve in water, diverse structures instead of simple chains

Types: triglycerides

waxes

phospolipids

steriods

Term
define fatty acid
Definition
hydrogen chain, a monomer
Term
define triglyceride
Definition
3 fatty acids bound to 1 glycerol base molecule
Term
differences between fats and oils
Definition

Fats:made from animals, straight, saturated

Oils: made from vegetables, curvy, unsaturated

Term
Saturated fatty acid:
Definition
straight chains filled with hydrogens; all single bounds, solid
Term
Unsaturated fatty acid:
Definition
bent chains with fewer hydrogen; one or more double bonds; liquid
Term
Describe wax
Definition
similar to fats, form structures that repel water
Term
Describe phospholipid
Definition

similar to oils, but hydrophobic group replaces a fatty acid chain; forms cell membrane

(has hydrophobic part and hydrophillic part)

Term
describe steriod
Definition
have 4 carbon rings; functional nutrients and hormones
Term
Describe proteins and useful functions
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, most abundant, controls activities in life
Term
define amino acid
Definition
monomer subunit used to make protein; central carbon bonded to
Term
Define peptide bond
Definition
covalent bond between amino acids; forms a peptide
Term
define peptide
Definition
2-50 joined amino acids
Term
define polypeptide
Definition
100+ joined amino acids
Term
define primary structure
Definition
chain of amino acids
Term
describe secondary structure
Definition
hydrogen bonds between aamaino acids fold chain into coiled helix or pleated sheet
Term
desribe tertiary structure
Definition
contorted shape due to interactions of amino acids, R groups, surrounding water molecules
Term
describe quaternary structure
Definition
multiple structures form bigger protein denatured protein loses function
Term
what happens to a denatured protein?
Definition
loses function
Term
describe nucleic acid and useful functions
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, genetic material, transports energy
Term
define nucleotide
Definition
monomer subunit pf nucleic acid
Term
define nucleic acid
Definition
nucleotides joined by covalent bonds
Term
What is DNA?
Definition

(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Deoxyribose nucleotides in a double helix, blueprint to create proteins

Term
What is RNA?
Definition

(Ribonucleic Acid)

Ribose nucleotides in a single helix; helps create proteins

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