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CH1: Emergence of Modern Perspectives
Psychopathology. Weatherly
17
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/13/2010

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Term
General paresis
Definition
A disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death. It was discovered in the late 19th century that this was caused by syphilis and therefore, that syphilis caused one form of insanity.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
The study of the unconscious. Pioneered by Breuer and Freud.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A process where behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated than behaviors followed by negative consequences.

Studied by E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
The study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior. Continues to have a major impact on many of the effective psychological treatments for disorders today.
Term
Cognitions
Definition
thought processes that influence behavior and emotion. This began to be the focus of psychologists in the 1950s, but wasn't a major focus of psychology until the 1970s.
Term
Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Definition
People's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events are crucial in determining their well-being.

Major idea of Albert Bandura, a clinical psychologist in behaviorism.
Term
Phenothiazines
Definition
A new class of drugs discovered in the second half of the 20th century that can reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia. These drugs made it possible for many institutionalized people to be released, their symptoms reduced or gone.
Term
Patients's Rights Movement
Definition
A movement that had emerged by 1960. Advocats argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community.
Term
Deinstitutionalization
Definition
Integration of mental patients into the community with the support of community-based treatment centers. The community health movemement, attempted to provide coordinated mental-health services to people through community centers.
Term
Consequences of Community Health Program
Definition
Without adequate funding, many patients found themselves living at group homes and nursing homes or with their families where they could not receive adequate treatment.

An estimated 1/3 to 1/2 of all homeless people have a mental disorder, a severe substance use disorder, or both.

An estimated 10-15% of people in prisons have a serious mental disorder.
Term
Managed Care
Definition
The dominant means for organizing private insurance and health care.

Generally, a loose collection of methods for organizing health care that ranges from simple monitoring, to total control over what care can be provided and paid for.

This system solves some of the problems created by deinstitutionalization.
Term
Psychiatrists
Definition
Have an M.D. degree and have specialized training in the treatment of psychological problems. They can prescribe meds and have also been trained to conduct psychotherapies that involved talking about problems.
Term
Clinical psychologists
Definition
Typically have a Ph.D. in psychology with a specialization in psychological problems. They can conduct psychotherapy, and in some states, have or are trying to achieve prescription privileges.
Term
Marriage and family therapists
Definition
Specialize in helping families, couples, and children overcome problems interfering with their well-being.
Term
Clinical social workers
Definition
Have a master's degree in social work and often focus on helping people with psychological problems overcome the social conditions contributing to their problems, such as joblessness or homelessness.
Term
Psychiatric nurses
Definition
Have a degree in nursing, with a specialization in the treatment of people with severe psychological problems. Often work in inpatient psychiatric wards. Some have privileges to write prescriptions.
Term
Integrationist Approach
Definition
Integrating the biological, psychological, and social theories of a given disorder to see how these factors interact and influence each other to produce and maintain mental-health problems.
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