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Ch. 19 Inflammation & Immune Response
DPA206 Med-Surg II
231
Nursing
Undergraduate 4
06/13/2011

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Cards

Term
2 major defenses that protect a person against diseases and other problems when the body is invaded my organisms
Definition
Inflammation and immunity
Term
When all the different parts and functions of inflammation and immunity are working well
Definition
Immunocompetence
Term
Some body defenses that prevent organisms from gaining access to the internal environment
Definition

  • intact skin & mucous membranes
  • skin surface normal flora
  • natural chemicals that inhibit bacterial growth

Term
3 ways human need for protection is met by inflammation and immunity response
Definition

  1. Neutralizing
  2. Eliminating
  3. Destroying organisms that invade internal environment 

Term
Non-self proteins and cells
Definition

  • infected body cells
  • cancer cells
  • all invading cells and organisms

Term
The ability to recognize self vs non-self proteins and cells 
Definition
Self-tolerance
Term
Each cell is surrounded by a _______ with different proteins protruding through the membrane
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
Unique proteins, found on the surface of all body cells of a specific person, serve this function for that particular person
Definition
"universal product code" or "cellular fingerprint"
Term
non-self cells; proteins capable of stimulating an immune response
Definition
Antigens
Term
Determine the tissue type of a person; the "cellular fingerprints" of an individual
Definition
Human Leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
Term
A set of genes that determine HLAs of a person
Definition
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Term
Humans have about ___ major HLAs
Definition
40
Term
Factor that determines the specific antigens that any person has
Definition
which MHC gene alleles were inherited from his or her parents
Term
Key for recognition and self-tolerance
Definition
HLA
Term
5 factors that affect immune function
Definition

  1. nutritional status
  2. environmental conditions
  3. presence of disease
  4. medications
  5. age

Term
Place where most immune system cells are developed
Definition
bone marrow
Term
Immature, undifferentiated cells produced by the bone marrow
Definition
stem cells
Term
Characteristic of cells that have flexible outcomes
Definition
Pluripotent
Term
Specific chemicals that direct stem cells toward a maturational pathway for growth and function
Definition
Growth Factors
Term
Protect the body from the effects of invasion by organisms 
Definition
Leukocytes or WBCs
Term
Immune system cells, the knight and soldiers protecting the castle inhabitants after invaders get through the castle wall
Definition
WBCs (leukocytes)
Term
5 actions of leukocytes that provide protection
Definition

  1. Recognition of self vs non-self cells
  2. Destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris, and unhealthy or abnormal self cells
  3. Antibody production
  4. Complement activation
  5. Cytokine production that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes in bone marrow and increase specific leukocyte activity 

Term
3 processes needed for human protection through immunity
Definition

  1. Inflammation
  2. Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
  3. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Term
Full immunity provided by all 3 processes needed for human protection 
Definition
Immunocompetence
Term
Nonspecific ingestion & phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign protein
Definition
Neutrophils (Inflammation)
Term
Nonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microbes; ingestion and phagocytosis
Definition
Macrophages (Inflammation)
Term
Destruction of bacteria and cellular debris; matures into macrophage
Definition
Monocytes (Inflammation)
Term
Weak phagocytic action; releases vasoactive amines during allergic reactions
Definition
Eosinophil (Inflammation)
Term
Releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage
Definition
Basophil (inflammation)
Term
Becomes sensitized to foreign cells and proteins
Definition
B-lymphocytes (AMI)
Term
Secretes immunoglobulins in response to the presence of a specific antigen
Definition
Plasma cells (AMI)
Term
Remains sensitized to a specific antigen and can secrete increased amounts of immunoglobulins specific to the antigen on re-exposure
Definition
Memory cells (AMI)
Term
Enhances immune activity through secretion of various factors, cytokines, and lymphokines
Definition
T-lymphocyte helper/inducer T-cell (CMI)
Term
Selectively attacks and destroys non-self cells, including virally infected cells, grafts and transplanted organs
Definition
Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells (CMI)
Term
Non-selectively attacks non-self cells, especially body cells that have undergone mutation and become malignant; also attacks grafts and transplanted organs
Definition
Natural Killer (NK) cells (CMI)
Term
Provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and invading foreign proteins
Definition
Inflammation or Natural Immunity
Term
2 ways that inflammation differs from AMI and CMI
Definition

  1. Immediate, but short-term response; doesn't provide true immunity on repeated exposure to the same organism
  2. Inflammation is non-specific body defense to invasion or injury

Term
How widespread the symptoms of inflammation are depends on these factors
Definition

  • intensity
  • severity
  • duration

Term
____ is usually accompanied by _______; however, _____ can occur without ______
Definition
Infection; inflammation; inflammation; infection
Term
Make up btw 55% and 70% of total WBCs
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Come from the stem cells and complete the maturation process in the bone marrow
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Another name for Neutrophil
Definition
Granulocyte
Term
Mature neutrophils
Definition
Segmented neutrophils ("segs") or polymorphonuclear cells ("polys", PMNs)
Term
Immature neutrophils
Definition
band neutrophils ("bands" or "stabs")
Term
Growth of a stem cell into a mature neutrophil requires ___ days
Definition
12-14 days
Term
More than ___ fresh, mature neutrophils are released from bone marrow into the circulation daily
Definition
100 billion
Term
Life span of neutrohils
Definition
12-18 hours
Term
Neutrophils destroy invaders by these means
Definition
Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion
Term
Reason each neutrophil can take part in only one episode of phagocytosis before supplies are exhausted
Definition
small energy supply and no way of replenishing it or it's enzymes used in phagocytosis
Term
The only stage of neutrophil capable of phagocytosis
Definition
mature cells
Term
The % and actual number of mature circulating neutrophils used to measure a patient's risk for infection
Definition
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) or absolute/total granulocyte count
Term
Indicates that bone marrow cannot produce enough mature neutrophils to keep pace with the continuing infection and is releasing immature neutrophils into the blood
Definition
Left shift or Bandemia
Term
Reason bandemia is of no benefit during immune response
Definition
Bands are not capable of phagocytosis
Term
Come from the committed myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow and form the mononuclear-phagocyte system
Definition
Macrophages
Term
Where monocytes mature into macrophages
Definition
body tissues
Term
3 main organs that contain large numbers of macrophages
Definition

  1. liver
  2. spleen
  3. GI tract

Term
Specific functions of macrophages
Definition

  • phagocytosis
  • repair
  • antigen presenting/processing
  • secretion of cytokines to help control immune system

Term
Reason macrophages can take part in many phagocytic events
Definition
long life span and ability to renew energy supplies and enzymes needed to degrade foreign proteins
Term
Come form myeloid stem cells; 1% of circulating WBCs; cause manifestations of inflammation
Definition
Basophils
Term
Granules of basophils contain these chemicals that act on blood vessels (vasoactive amines)
Definition

  1. Heparin
  2. Histamine
  3. Serotonin
  4. Kinins
  5. Leukotrienes

Term
Action of heparin released by basophils
Definition
inhibits blood and protein clotting
Term
Action of Histamine released from Basophils
Definition
Constricts small veins and respiratory smooth muscles, inhibiting blood flow and decreasing venous return as well as narrowing airways and restricting breathing...causes blood to collect in capillaries and arterioles
Term
Action Kinins released from Basophils
Definition
dilate arterioles and increase capillary permeability
Term
Actions of chemicals released from granules of Basophils
Definition
Blood plasma to leak into the interstitial space (Vascular leak syndrome)
Term
Blood plasma leaking into interstitial space
Definition
vascular leak syndrome
Term
Come from myeloid line; contain many vasoactive chemicals; 1-2% of total WBCs; increases during allergic response
Definition
Eosinophils
Term
Act against infestations of parasitic larvae
Definition
Eosinophils
Term
Degrade the vasoactive chemicals released by other leukocytes and can limit inflammatory rxs
Definition
Enzymes from eosinophils
Term
The engulfing and destruction of invaders
Definition
Phagocytosis 
Term
2 cells most efficient at phagocytosis
Definition
neutrophils and macrophages
Term
Phagocytosis is triggered by these events
Definition
injury or invasion
Term
7 steps of phagocytosis
Definition

 

  1. exposure/invasion
  2. attraction
  3. adherence
  4. recognition
  5. cellular ingestion
  6. phagosome formation
  7. degradation 

 

Term
Can occur only when the WBC comes into direct contact with the target
Definition
Adherence; 2nd step of phagocystosis
Term
Substances that attract neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis
Definition
Chemotaxins
Term
Secrete chemotaxins and release debris that can combine with the surface of invading foreign proteins
Definition
Damaged tissues and blood vessels
Term
Substances that increase contact of the cell with its target by coating the target cell
Definition
Opsonins
Term
The binding/sticking of phagocytic cell to surface of target
Definition
Adherence
Term
Substances that act as opsonins
Definition

  • particles from dead neutrophils
  • antibodies
  • activated (fixated) complement components 

Term
Part of opsonization and help with adherence by surrounding an antigen and "fixing" or sticking to the antigen
Definition
Complement activation and fixation
Term
There are __ different types of inactive complement proteins in the blood
Definition
20
Term
How complement fixation occurs
Definition
quickly as a cascade or chain reaction
Term
Occurs when the phagocytic cell sticks to the surface of the target cell and "recognizes" it as non-self
Definition
Recognition
Term
Recognition of non-self cells is made easier by these components on the target cell surface
Definition
Opsonins
Term
Needed because phagocytic destruction occurs inside the cell
Definition
Cellular Ingestion
Term
The phagocytic cell bends its membrane around to enclose (engulf) the target cell and forms this
Definition
a vacuole
Term
Occurs when the phagocyte's granules are inside the vacuole; granules break and release enzymes that attack the ingested target
Definition
Phagosome Formation
Term
The target is digested and broken into smaller pieces until only small particles of debris remain
Definition
Degradation
Term
5 cardinal manifestations of inflammation
Definition

  1. Warmth
  2. redness
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. decreased function

Term
The vascular part of the inflammatory response in which injured tissues and the leukocytes in this area secrete histamine, serotonin, and kinins that constrict the small veins and dilate the arterioles in the area of injury
Definition
Stage I of inflammatory response
Term
Cardinal manifestations that occur during stage I of the inflammatory response
Definition
redness and warmth of tissues; increases delivery of nutrients to injured tissues
Term
Increase in blood flow to the area of injury
Definition
Hyperemia
Term
Capillary leak causes these reponses
Definition
swelling (edema) and pain
Term
Protects the area from further injury by creating a cushion of fluid. The extra fluid can dilute any toxins or organisms that have entered the area
Definition
Edema
Term
Duration of Stage I inflammatory responses
Definition
24-72 hours, depending on the severity of the initiating event
Term
The major cell involved in stage I of the inflammatory response
Definition
macrophage
Term
secreted by tissue macrophages to enhance the inflammatory response
Definition
cytokines
Term
A cytokine that triggers bone marrow to shorten the length of time to produce WBCs from 14 days to a matter of hours
Definition
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
Term
The cellular exudate part of the inflammatory response
Definition
Stage II
Term
An increased number of circulating neutrophils
Definition
neutrophilia
Term
The most active cell in Stage II of the inflammatory response
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Exudate containing dead WBCs, necrotic tissue, and fluids that escape from damaged cells
Definition
pus
Term
Neutrophil count can increased up to five times within 12 hrs after the onset of inflammation under the influence of these cells
Definition
Cytokines
Term
Neutrophils attack and destroy organisms and remove dead tissue through ________
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
Increases inflammatory response during Stage II 
Definition
Arachidonic acid (AA) cascade
Term
An enzyme that converts AA into many chemicals that are further processed into the substances that continue the inflammatory response in the tissues
Definition
Cyclooxygenase
Term
Products of cyclooxygenase conversion of AA
Definition
  • histamine
  • leukotrienes
  • prostaglandins
  • serotonin
  • kinins
Term
Reduction of mature neutrophils limits the helpful effects of inflammation and increases the risk for ____
Definition
sepsis
Term
Features tissue repair and replacement; begins at the time of injury and is critical to the final function of the inflamed area
Definition
Stage III of inflammatory response
Term
Trigger of new blood vessel growth and scar formation by WBCs in tissues that cannot divide
Definition
angiogenesis
Term
____ is lost wherever damaged tissues are replaced with scar tissue
Definition
function
Term
Scars serves only as a _____
Definition
patch
Term
Long-lasting immune actions develop through:
Definition
antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
Term
Another name for antibody-mediated immunity
Definition
humoral immunity
Term
Involves antigen-antibody interactions to neutralize, eliminate, or destroy foreign proteins
Definition
Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI or humoral immunity)
Term
Product of B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
Definition
Antibodies
Term
The main purpose of B-cells
Definition
to become sensitized to a specific foreign protein (antigen) and to produce antibodies directed specifically against that protein
Term
Have the most direct role in AMI
Definition
B-cells
Term
Work with B-cells to start and complete antigen-antibody interactions
Definition
macrophages and T-lymphocytes
Term
The primary lymphoid tissue
Definition
Bone marrow
Term
Where maturation of lymphocyte stem cells is completed
Definition
secondary lymphoid tissues
Term
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Definition
  • spleen
  • parts of lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • mucosa of intestinal tract 
Term
Seven special actions that take place when a person is exposed to an antigen
Definition
  1. Exposure (invasion)
  2. Antigen recognition
  3. Lymphocyte sensitization
  4. Antibody production and release
  5. Antigen-antibody binding
  6. Antigen-antibody reactions
  7. sustained immunity (memory)
Term
Needed because antibody actions occur inside the body or on a few body surfaces
Definition
Exposure or invasion
Term
Unsensitized B-cells must first recognize antigen as non-self
Definition
Antigen recognition
Term
Recognition is started by the _______
Definition
macrophages
Term
Occurs when the B-cell recognizes the antigen as non-self and is now "sensitized" to the antigen
Definition
Lymphocyte sensitization
Term
Number of antigens a B-cell can be sensitized to
Definition
ONLY one
Term
life-long immunity
Definition
AMI
Term
In AMI, attachment does not result in phagocytosis, instead the _____ presents the attached antigen to the ____ 
Definition
macrophage presents to T-cells
Term
After sensitization, the B-cell divides and forms these 2 types of B-lymphocytes
Definition
plasma cells and memory cells
Term
Definition
Plasma cell
Term
Definition
Memory Cell
Term
Antibodies are produced by these cells
Definition
plasma cells
Term
allow the antibodies to search out specific antigens
Definition
antibody production
Term
When fully stimulated, each plasma cell can make as many as ____ molecules of antibody per second
Definition
300
Term
Antibody molecules made by plasma cells are released into the blood and other body fluids as:
Definition
Free Antibody
Term
Each free antibody molecule remains in the blood for ___days
Definition
3-30 days
Term
Reason antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes called humoral immunity
Definition
the antibody is in body fluids (or body "humors") and is separate from the B-cells
Term
Needed for anti-antigen actions
Definition
antibody-antigen binding
Term
Y-shaped molecules
Definition
antibodies
Term
The 2 tips of the antibody molecule that can either bind to two separate antigens or to two areas of the same antigen
Definition
Fab fragments, or arms
Term
The stem of the antibody that can bind to these specific receptor sites on WBCs
Definition
FC fragment
Term
Antibody-antigen bindings results in these reactions
Definition
neutralization, elimination, or destroying of the antigen
Term
Triggered by binding of antibody to antigen
Definition
Antibody-binding actions
Term
Antibody-binding actions
Definition
  • agglutination
  • lysis
  • complement fixation
  • precipitation
  • inactivation/neutralization
Term
Clumping action that results from the antibody linking antigens together, forming large and small immune complexes
Definition
Agglutination 
Term
Slows the movement of the antigen through the body fluids, increases the changes of the complex being attached by other WBC via the irregular shape of the antigen-antibody complex
Definition
Defensive effects of agglutination
Term
Cell membrane destruction that occurs because of antibody binding to membrane-bound antigens of some invaders
Definition
Lysis
Term
Actual binding of antibody to membrane-bound antigens during cell lysis makes ____ in the invader's membrane, weakening the invader
Definition
holes
Term
Lysis usually requires that _____ be activated and "fixed" to the immune complex
Definition
complement
Term
The non-self cells that are damaged most through lysis caused by the binding of antibody to antigens
Definition
bacteria and viruses
Term
actions triggered by some classes of antibodies that can removes or destroy antigen
Definition
complement activation and fixation
Term
2 classes of antibody that can activate the complement system 
Definition
IgG and IgM
Term
Antibody molecules bind so much antigen that large, insoluble, antigen-antibody complexes are formed. Complexes cannot stay in suspension in the blood so they form this, which can be acted on and removed by neutrophils and macrophages
Definition
Precipitation
Term
The process of making an antigen harmless without destroying it
Definition
Inactivation (Neutralization)
Term
The _____ site causes the harmful effects of an antigen
Definition
Active site
Term
provides individuals with long-lasting immunity to a specific antigen
Definition
sustained immunity (memory)
Term
Results from memory B-cells made during the lymphocytes sensitization stage
Definition
Sustained immunity
Term
The ability of memory cells to respond on re-exposure to the same antigen that originally sensitized the B-cells allows this rapid and large immune response to the antigen
Definition
Anamnestic response
Term
All antibodies are _____
Definition
immunoglobulins
Term
a protein that is globular rather than straight
Definition
globulin
Term
antibodies that are globular proteins that provide immunity
Definition
immunoglobulins
Term
Antibodies are given this name because all free antibodies in the plasma separate out in the gamma fraction of plasma proteins during electrophoresis
Definition
Gamma globulins
Term
Newly sensitized B-cell produces the ___ antibody type against the antigen on first exposure
Definition
IgM
Term
Reason IgM is special
Definition
Forms itself into a five-member group
Term
On re-exposure to the same antigen, the already sensitized B-cell makes large amounts to the ___ type of antibody against that antigen
Definition
IgG
Term
2 broad categories of immunity
Definition
Innate-native immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity
Term
any natural protective feature of a person that cannot be developed or transferred from one person to another and is not an adaptive response to exposure or invasion by foreign proteins
Definition
Innate-native (natural) immunity
Term
Parts of innate immunity
Definition
  • inflammatory response
  • skin
  • mucosa
  • antimicrobial chemicals on skin
  • complement
  • NK cells
Term

The immunity that a person's body learns to make (or can receive) as an adaptive response to invasion by organisms or foreign proteins; can be active or passive

Definition
Adaptive Immunity
Term
occurs when antigens enter the body and the body responds by making specific antibodies against the antigen; can occur under natural or artificial conditions
Definition
Active Immunity (adaptive)
Term
Occurs when an antigen enters the body without human assistance and the body responds by actively making antibodies against the antigen
Definition
Natural active immunity (Adaptive)
Term
The type of immunity that is the most effective and the longest lasting because re-exposure will NOT cause illness
Definition
Natural active immunity (adaptive)
Term
The protection developed by vaccination or immunization and is used to prevent infections or illnesses that have serious consequences that avoiding the disease altogether is most desirable
Definition
Artificial active immunity (adaptive)
Term
antigens specially processed to make them less likely to grow in the body
Definition
attenuated
Term
occurs when antibodies against an antigen are in a person's body but were not created there; theses antibodies are transferred to the person's body after being made in the body of another person or animal
Definition
Passive Immunity (Adaptive)
Term
Reason passive immunity provides only immediate, short-term protection against a specific antigen
Definition
The antibodies are recognized as non-self and eliminated quickly because they are foreign to the receiving person
Term
Occurs when antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant through colostrum and breast milk
Definition
Natural Passive Immunity (Adaptive)
Term
Involves injecting a person with antibodies that were produced in another person or animal; expected to inactivate the antigen; may be used to prevent disease or death; temporary lasting only days to weeks
Definition
Artificial passive immunity (Adaptive)
Term
Immunity is provided by lymphocytes stem cells that mature in the secondary lymphoid tissues of the thymus and pericortical areas of lymph nodes
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
Term
WBCs with the most important roles in CMI
Definition
T-cells and NK cells
Term
marker proteins
Definition
antigens
Term
More than ___ different T-cell proteins have been identified, and __ of these are common
Definition
200; 11 (T1-T11)
Term
How each T-cell subset can be identified
Definition
by its reaction to the commercial antibodies
Term
All mature T-cells contain these proteins
Definition
T1, T3, T10, and T11
Term
3 T-lymphocyte subsets important for development and continuation of CMI
Definition
  1. Helper/inducer T-cells
  2. Suppressor T-cells
  3. Cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells 
Term
Not a true T-cell, but contributes to CMI
Definition
Natural Killer (NK) cells (CD16+-cells)
Term
Have T4 protein on their membranes
Definition
Helper/Inducer T-cells (T4+cells or Th-cells)
Term
Most correct name for helper/inducer T-cells
Definition
CD4+ (Cluster of differentiation 4)
Term
Secrete lymphokines in response to the recognition of non-self cells that can enhance the activity of other WBCs
Definition
Helper/inducer T cells
Term
Increase bone marrow production of stem cells and speed up their maturation
Definition
Lymphokines secreted by helper/inducer T-cells
Term
Have the T8-lymphocyte antigen on their membrane surfaces
Definition
Suppressor T-cells (T8+ cells, CD8 + cells, or Ts cells)
Term
Help regulate CMI and prevent hypersensitivity
Definition
suppressor T-cells
Term
Continuous overreactions
Definition
Hypersensitivity
Term
Inhibit both growth and activation of immune system cells 
Definition
Lymphokines secreted by suppressor T-cells
Term
The balance between helper/inducer T-cell activity and suppressor T-cell activity
Definition
Ratio of 2:1 (Helper to suppressor)
Term
Have T8 protein present on surfaces; subset of suppressor cells; destroy cells that contain a processed antigen's major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Definition
Cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells (Tc-cells)
Term
Tc-cells are most effect against self-cells infected by:
Definition
parasites (i.e. viruses or protozoa)
Term
Process of cell lysis by the Tc-cells
Definition
  • Tc-cells bind to infected cell's MHC complex
  • Tc-cell makes holes in infected cell's membrane and delivers "lethal hit" of enzymes
  • Infected cell lyses and dies
Term
Have direct cytotoxic effects on some non-self cells without first being sensitized; independent of interactions of other WBCs; conduct "seek and destroy" missions
Definition
Natural Killer Cells (CD16+-cells)
Term
non-self cells most often harmed by NK cells
Definition
cancer and virally infected body cells
Term
CMI regulates the immune system by the production and activity of this protein
Definition
Cytokines
Term
Small protein hormones produced by the many WBCs and other tissues that help regulate CMI
Definition
Cytokines
Term
cytokines made by the macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Definition
Monokines
Term
Cytokines produced by T-cells
Definition
Lymphokines
Term
Act like "messengers" that tell specific cells how and when to respond
Definition
Cytokines
Term
The cells that change their activity when a cytokine is present are called:
Definition
"responder" cells
Term
Effects are widespread within the immune system
Definition
Pleiotropic 
Term
Examples of cytokines
Definition
  • interleukins
  • interferons
  • colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
  • tumor necrosis factor
Term
The largest group of cytokines
Definition
Interleukins
Term
Responsible for rejection of tissue grafts and transplanted organs 
Definition
NK and cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells 
Term
begins immediately on transplantation and is an antibody-mediated response
Definition
Hyperacute rejection
Term
Type of rejection that occurs most often in kidneys
Definition
Hyperacute rejection
Term
Patients at greatest risk for hyperacute rejection
Definition
  • received donated orrgans of an ABO blood type different from their own
  • received multiple blood transfusions at any time before transplantation
  • hx of multiple pregnancies
  • received a previous transplant
Term
Manifestations of hyperacute Rejection
Definition
  • present within minutes of attachment to blood supply
  • process cannot be stopped once it has started
  • rejected organ must be removed immediately
Term
Occurs within 1-3 months after transplantation
Definition
Acute Rejection
Term
2 mechanisms responsible for acute rejection of transplantation
Definition
  1. antibody mediated, resulting in vasculitis within the transplanted organ (blood vessel necrosis, rather than occlusion, leads to organ destruction
  2. Cellular, host cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells and NK cells enter transplanted organ through blood, penetrate organ cells, start inflammatory reaction, and cause organ cell lysis
Term
Diagnosis of acute rejection of transplantation
Definition
laboratory tests and biopsy
Term
Episode does not mean that patient will lose new organ 
Definition
Acute Rejection
Term
Similar to chronic inflammation and scarring
Definition
Chronic rejection of transplantation
Term
the major cause of death in patients who have survived 1 or more years after heart transplantation
Definition
Accelerated graft atherosclerosis (AGA) --form of chronic rejection
Term
Reason there is no cure of chronic graft rejection
Definition
fibrotic changes are permanent; only recourse is retransplantation
Term
contributes to most rejection processes
Definition
CMI responses
Term
the continuous immune suppression used after a solid organ transplant
Definition
Maintenance therapy
Term
Routine immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation
Definition
Cyclosporine
Term
Maintenance and rescue therapy (acute rejection)
Definition
Tacrolimus FK506 (Prograf)
Term
Induces general immunosuppression
Definition
Corticosteroids
Term
Given before transplant surgery and a few days thereafter to bind to antibodies and reduce T-cell growth and activation 
Definition
Daclizumab (Zenapax)
Term
An antibody used to prevent T-cell activities
Definition
Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3)
Term
Drug that should not be given with grapejuice
Definition
Sirolimus (Rapamune)
Term
Antibody (or group of antibodies) produced in an animal after the animal has be exposed to human lymphocytes
Definition
Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)
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