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Ch. 19 Breakup of the Soviet Union
CHS9 vinton
56
History
9th Grade
04/16/2014

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Term
What type of leadership existed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s?
Definition
(Brezhnev)
The leadership kept tight control. Political dissent was not tolerated. Censors determined what could be published. Freedom of speech and freedom of worship were restricted.
Term
Why did the Politburo select Gorbachev over as the next Soviet leader?
Definition
He was younger; he had both energy and political skills.
Term
What was Gorbachev's background?
Definition
Both of his grandfathers had been arrested during Stalin’s purges. He had worked on a state farm and then studied law. He eventually joined the Communist party and became a government official. He later became general secretary of the Communist Party.
Term
What was glasnost?
Definition
Glasnost was the policy known as openness.
Term
Why did Gorbachev introduce glasnost?
Definition
He thought glasnost was necessary to provide a free flow of ideas and information which would allow economic and social reforms.
Term
What were the results of glasnost?
Definition
It brought lots of changes: churches were opened, dissidents were let out of prison, more books were published, reporters could investigate problems and criticize officials.
Term
What was perestroika?
Definition
Perestroika was economic restructuring.
Term
Why did Gorbachev introduce perestroika?
Definition
He was trying to revive the Soviet economy.
Term
What was his goal?
Definition
He wanted to make the command economy more efficient and productive; he did not want to get rid of it.
Term
What was involved in Gorbachev's "democratization" plan of 1987?
Definition
He wanted to open up the Soviet political system. Voters would have more choices in selecting members of a new legislative body.
Term
How did foreign policy change under Gorbachev?
Definition
He realized that the Soviet economy could not afford the costly arms race and became focused on arms control.
Term
How many different ethnic groups lived in the Soviet Union?
Definition
More than 100 ethnic groups lived in the Soviet Union.
Term
What did Lithuania declare in March of 1990?
Definition
Lithuania declared its independence.
Term
How did Gorbachev respond?
Definition
He sent in Soviet troops.
Term
What was his concern?
Definition
He was afraid that other republics might try to secede from the Soviet Union.
Term
Who was Boris Yeltsin?
Definition
He was a member of parliament and the former mayor of Moscow.
Term
How did he gain popularity?
Definition
He criticized the “crackdown” in Lithuania and the “slow pace of reforms.”
Term
To what office was Yeltsin elected in June of 1991?
Definition
He became the Russian Federation’s first directly elected president.
Term
Who was the "common" enemy shared by Gorbachev and Yeltsin?
Definition
the old guard of Communist officials
Term
Why was this group furious?
Definition
They were losing their power and privileges.
Term
What happened during the August (1991)coup?
Definition
The “hardliners” detained Gorbachev at his vacation home on the Black Sea.
Term
How did the coup affect the breakup of the Soviet Union?
Definition
It sparked anger against the Communist Party and it collapsed. Republics, first Estonia and Latvia, declared their independence.
Term
What's the CIS?
Definition
the Commonwealth of Independent States, a loose federation of former Soviet territories
Term
What happened to Gorbachev with the collapse of the Communist Party and of the Soviet Union?
Definition
He resigned his position from a country which no longer existed.
Term
Why did Yeltsin then become the "most powerful figure in the CIS"?
Definition
He led the largest republic, the Russian Federation. And, he was viewed as a “hero” of the August Coup.
Term
What kinds of problems did Yeltsin face?
Definition
an “ailing” economy, strong political opposition, an unpopular war
Term
What was the purpose of "shock therapy"?
Definition
an abrupt shift to a market economy
Term
What were the effects of "shock therapy"?
Definition
high prices, increased inflation, lots of unemployment
Term
1. Which Eastern European countries first embraced the "spirit of change"? How?
Definition
Term
2. In what way did the Polish government respond to Solidarity? What was the public response? How did the government respond then?
Definition
Term
3. What was significant about Polish elections in 1989 and 1990?
Definition
Term
4. What happened in the Polish elections in 1995?  Why?
Definition
(NOTE: Kwasniewski was re-elected to a second five-year term in October of 2000. Then, Lech Kaczynski was elected president in 2005. He was killed in a plane crash in April 2010.) Chief of state: President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6 August 2010)
Head of government: Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007)
Term
5. What changes happened in Hungary?
Definition
Term
6. Who was Erich Honecker?
Definition
Term
7. How did East Germans get to West Germany?
Definition
Term
8. What was the response of the East German government?
Definition
Term
9. How did the people of East Germany respond?
Definition
Term
10. Why did Honecker resign?
Definition
Term
11. What action was taken by Egon Krenz? What was the result?
Definition
Term
12. What was the fear of a reunited Germany?
Definition
Term
13. What was the official date for German reunification?
Definition
Term
14. What challenges did Germany face under Schroeder's leadership?
Definition
Term
15. What was the result of massive demonstrations in Prague in October and November, 1989?
Definition
Term
16. Why did Czechoslovakia break into two parts?
Definition
Term
17. Who became the president of the new Czech Republic?
Definition
Term
18. What happened in Romania?
Definition
Term
19. What was the fate of Ceausescu and his wife?
Definition
Term
20. What led to conflict in Yugoslavia?
(Be sure to look over the map on page 623.)
Definition
Term
21. Which two republics first declared independence? When?
Definition
Term
22. What were the results in both situations?
Definition
Term
23. What happened in Bosnia-Herzegovina? Why?
Definition
Term
24. What was the purpose of "ethnic cleansing"?
Definition
Term
25. What was the international response to this conflict?
Definition
(NOTE: Kostunica became the new leader of the former Yugoslavia in 2000; he was elected prime minister in March 2004.  Bosnia-Herzegovina is governed by the Dayton Agreement and has rotating leadership. Milosevic, on trial on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity, died in prison in March 2006.)
Term
26. Where is Kosovo?
Definition
Term
27. What has led to conflict there?
Definition
Term
28. Identify the following terms and names: Solidarity, Lech Walesa, reunification, ethnic cleansing.
Definition
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