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Ch. 18: Gas Exchange and Transport
Chapter Summary Points
21
Physiology
Graduate
10/02/2011

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Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Normal Alveolar PO2:
Definition
100 mm Hg
Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Normal Arterial PO2:
Definition
100 mm Hg
Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Normal Alveolar PCO2:
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Normal Arterial PCO2:
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Normal Venous PO2:
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Normal Venous PCO2:
Definition
46 mm Hg
Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

What two factors affect alveolar PO2?
Definition
1) the composition of inspired air.
2) the effectiveness of alveolar ventilation.
Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

What three factors affect gas exchange efficiency and arterial PO2?
Definition
1) Changes in alveolar surface area
2) Changes in alveolar membrane thickness
3) Changes in interstitial distance between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
Term
Gas Transport in the Blood:

What are the two ways in which oxygen is carried throughout the body? Give the percentages regarding each transport option.
Definition
1) Dissolved in the plasma (<2%)
2) Bound to hemoglobin (>98%)
Term
Gas Transport in the Blood:

What does the PO2 of plasma determine?
Definition
How much oxygen binds to hemoglobin.
Term
Gas Transport in the Blood:

Oxygen-hemoglobin binding is influenced by what three factors?
Definition
1) pH
2) temperature
3) 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
Term
Gas Transport in the Blood:

Name the transporters of CO2 in the venous system along with their respective percentages.
Definition
1) Dissolved in Plasma (7%)
2) as Carbaminohemoglobin (23%)
3) as Bicarbonate ion in the plasma (70%)
Term
Gas Transport in the Blood:

Give the role of Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs.
Definition
Converts CO2 to carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.
Term
Gas Transport in the Blood:

What happens to the H+ and HCO3- after carbonic acid is dissociated?
Definition
The H+ binds to hemoglobin and HCO3- enters the plasma using the chloride shift.
Term
Regulation of Ventilation:

Where does respiratory control reside; what influences it?
Definition
In networks of neurons in the medulla and pons, influenced by input from central and peripheral sensory receptors and higher brain centers.
Term
Regulation of Ventilation:

Peripheral chemoreceptors: where are they located? What do they do?
Definition
1) Located in the carotid and aortic bodies
2) Monitor PO2, PCO2, and pH
Term
Regulation of Ventilation:

If there is a drop in PO2 below 60 mm Hg what do the chemorecptors do?
Definition
They trigger an increase in ventilation.
Term
Regulation of Ventilation:

(Blank) is the primary stimulus for changes in ventilation.
Definition
Carbon dioxide
Term
Regulation of Ventilation:

Chemoreceptors in the (Blank 2x) respond to changes in PCO2.
Definition
1) Medulla
2) Carotid Bodies
Term
Regulation of Ventilation:

Protective reflexes monitored by (Blank) prevent injury to the lungs from (Blank).
Definition
1) Peripheral receptors
2) Inhaled irritants
Term
Regulation of Ventilation:

What to factors can affect respiratory activity?
Definition
1) Conscious thought processes
2) Unconscious thought processes
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