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Ch. 17
Blood and Blood Vessels
166
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/03/2013

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Term
What does the cardiovascular system include?
Definition
A fluid, a series of conducting tubes that distribute the fluid throughout the body and a pump that keeps the fluid in motion.
Term
What is blood? What is it's function?
Definition
The fluid of the cardiovascular system. It distributes materials (like nutrients, assists in temperature regulation and helps in defense against disease.
Term
What are blood vessels? How many types are there?
Definition
The conduction tubes that distribute the blood. 3.
Term
What are arteries? What color are they on a diagram? What kind of blood do they carry?
Definition
They carry blood AWAY from the heart to the capillaries and are usually red. They carry oxygenated blood.
Term
What are capillaries? They permit diffusion between _____ & ______?
Definition
The smallest, most abundant blood vessel. They permit diffusion between the blood stream and interstitial fluids.
Term
What are veins? What color are they on a diagram? What kind of blood do they carry?
Definition
They return bloods from the capillaries TO the heart and are usually blue. They carry deoxygenated blood.
Term
What is the heart?
Definition
The pump that keeps the fluid in motion.
Term
What is hematology?
Definition
The study of blood.
Term
What is angiology?
Definition
The study of arteries, veins and lymph vessels.
Term
What is cardiology?
Definition
The study of the heart.
Term
What are the 5 functions of blood?
Definition
1.)Transportation of gases, nutrients...
2.)Regulation of pH and ion comp in interstitial fluids.
3.)Restriction of fluid losses.
4.)Defense against toxins and pathogens.
5.)Stabilization of body temperature.
Term
Blood is a liquid _______ tissue which constitutes ___% of human body mass.
Definition
connective/8
Term
Blood is _____ times more viscous than water.
Definition
4-5
Term
What is the texture of blood?
Definition
Sticky.
Term
The salt concentration of blood is ___ - ____%.
Definition
.85-.90%
Term
What is the temperature of blood compared to the body?
Definition
Slightly above normal body temp. 100.4F/38C
Term
What is the range of pH of blood?
Definition
7.35-7.45 - VERY NARROW WINDOW.
Term
What is the range of blood volumes of men and women?
Definition
Men - 5-6 L
Women - 4-5L
Term
Whole blood is a _____geneous mixture of non-living matrix material called _____ and three formed elements.
Definition
heterogenous/plasma
Term
What is plasma composed of?
Definition
Water, plasma proteins and other dissolved solutes.
Term
Of whole blood, what percentage is plasma? What percentage is formed elements?
Definition
Plasma - 46-63%
Elements - 37-54%
Term
How much of plasma is made of water?
Definition
92%
Term
Are plasma proteins in solution or do they form insoluble fibers?
Definition
IN SOLUTION
Term
What prevents plasma proteins from leaving the blood stream?
Definition
Their large size and globular shape.
Term
what percentage of albumins makes up plasma proteins?
Definition
60.
Term
What percentage of globulins make up plasma proteins?
Definition
35.
Term
What are the functions of globulins?
Definition
Important in attacking pathogens and transport.
Term
What are fibrinogens and what percentage makes up plasma proteins?
Definition
They are a clotting protein that accounts for 4%.
Term
What are dissolved solutes and what percentage makes up plasma?
Definition
Their values vary but are usually around 1%.
Term
What are electrolytes vital for? Ex?
Definition
Cellular activites. Na+
Term
What are organic nutrients used for? Ex?
Definition
ATP production, growth and maintanence of cells. Lipids, carbs, amino acids.
Term
What are organic wastes? Ex?
Definition
Waste products that are carried to sites of breakdown or excretion. Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin.
Term
What are formed elements?
Definition
Blood cells and cell fragments suspended within the blood plasma. 99% red blood cells.
Term
What are erythrocytes and their functions?
Definition
Red blood cells, most abundant blood cells. Transport oxygen.
Term
What are leukocytes and their functions?
Definition
White blood cells. Defense mechanism. Divided into 5 different classes.
Term
What are thrombocytes and their functions?
Definition
Platelets. Not true cells but membrane-bound cellular fragments. Contain enzymes & shit that are important in blood clotting.
Term
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?
Definition
120 days.
Term
How many RBC are in a cubic millimeter of blood?
Definition
4-6 million.
Term
What is the shape?
Definition
Biconcave.
Term
How many nuclei does a RBC contain?
Definition
0.
Term
Are RBC flexible or stiff? Why?
Definition
Flexible. Contain protein spectrin that allows them to pass through tiny capillaries.
Term
What is a rouleaux? What does this allow?
Definition
The stacks the RBC's form to fit through tiny capillaries that allows for the ease of flow.
Term
Why are RBC incapable of performing metabolism?
Definition
They lack a nucleus thus organelles.
Term
What is hemeoglobin?
Definition
A transport protein responsible of bonding/transport of O2, pigment, and respiratory protein.
Term
How many hemeoglobin molecules does a RBC contain?
Definition
200-300 million g/deciliter
Term
What is the normal range of hemeoglobin in men and women?
Definition
Men: 14-18 g/dl
Women: 12-16 g/dl
Term
What level of structure does hemeoglobin demonstrate?
Definition
Quaternary.
2 alpha polypeptide chains.
2 beta polypeptide chains.
^ Indicate secondary structure of globin.
Term
What is in the middle of each polypeptide chain?
Definition
An iron containing heme group.
Term
How many molecules of oxygen can the iron of each heme bind?
Definition
1.
Term
What is heme called when bound to oxygen and what color is it?
Definition
Oxygemoglobin. Bright red. Arteries
Term
What is heme called when it is not bound to oxygen and what color is it?
Definition
Deoxyhemoglobin. Dark red. Veins
Term
How many hemes are in a hemeoglobin molecule?
Definition
4.
Term
How many RBC does the body produce a second?
Definition
2-3 million
Term
Where are dying RBC phagocytized?
Definition
The liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
Term
What happens once a RBC is phagocytized?
Definition
Cell ruptures, hemeoglobin is released. They are then broken down into globin (then amino acids) and heme (then iron and biliverdin).
Term
Once heme is broken down into iron and biliverdin/globin into amino acids what happens?
Definition
The amino acids are recycled and used to make more hemeoglobin. The iron from heme is transported to the liver by transferrin. The biliverdin is then converted to bilirubin (yellow) and processed in liver which makes up bile. IN the large intestine bilirubin is converted to urobilins (yellow) and sterobilins (brown).
Term
What happens if there is abnormal breakdown of bilirubin?
Definition
Jaundice.
Term
What is a decreased number of RBC?
Definition
Anemia.
Term
What is aplastic anemia?
Definition
Failure of bone marrow to function caused by ionizing radiation, drugs, antibiotics, bacterial toxins, poison.
Term
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
Definition
Excessive blood loss.
Term
What is hemolytic anemia?
Definition
An increase in the rate of destruction of RBC. HEMOLYSIS.
Term
What causes decreased hemoglobin levels?
Definition
An iron deficiency which causes microcytes to be created instead of erythrocytes. Pernicious anemia which is a lack of B12 or intrinsic factor for B12 absorption.
Term
What is Thalassemia?
Definition
Genetically inherited abnormal hemoglobin sythesis. Problem w/ sequence of amino acids. Mediterranean people.
Term
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Definition
Genetically inherited abnormal hemoglobin synthesis. Of 146 amino acids, #6 is incorrect which causes all the structures to be incorrect which causes the half-moon shape of the affected's red blood cells. Oxygen is unable to bond thus deeming it nonfunctioning.
Term
What is polycythemia?
Definition
Excess red blood cells because more viscous and flows sluggishly.
Term
What is primary polycythemia?
Definition
Often results from bone marrow cancer.
Term
What is secondary polycythemia?
Definition
Results from low oxygen concentrations such as high altitudes, lung disease or smoking.
Term
What is hematocrit?
Definition
Percent of RBC in whole blood.
Term
What is the average hematocrit levels in men and women?
Definition
Males - 47% +/- 5
Women - 42% +/- 5
Term
CBC stands for...
Definition
complete blood count
Term
What is blood typing based on?
Definition
The presence of specific antigens (agglutinogens) found on the surface of RBC and the presence of specific antibodies (agglutinins) in the plasma/serum.
Term
What antigen/antibody does A blood posses?
Definition
Antigen - A
Antibody - anti-B
Term
What antigen/antibody does B blood posses?
Definition
Antigen - B
Antibody - anti-A
Term
What antigen/antibody does AB blood posses?
Definition
Antigen - BOTH A & B
Antibody - NONE
Term
What antigen/antibody does O blood posses?
Definition
Antigen - NONE
Antibody - Both anti-A and anti-B
Term
What is the Rh factor?
Definition
Named after Rhesus monkey.
Term
If you have the D-antigen you are..
Definition
Rh+ 85%
Term
If you do NOT have the D-antigen you are...
Definition
Rh- 15%
Term
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Definition
Only affects 2nd+ pregnancies. Mother is Rh - and baby is Rh +. During first birth, potential of baby's blood to mix with mom's causing her to create the D-antibody which would attack her subsequent pregnancies blood.
Term
What is the solution to HDNB?
Definition
Rho-gam shot at 26-28 weeks of pregnancy.
Term
What blood can type A receive?
Definition
A, O.
Term
What blood can type B receive?
Definition
B, O.
Term
What blood can type AB receive?
Definition
A, B, AB, O.
Term
What blood can type O receive?
Definition
ONLY O.
Term
Rh+ blood can receive...
Definition
+ and -
Term
Rh- blood can receive...
Definition
ONLY -
Term
Which type is the universal donor?
Definition
Type O.
Term
Which type is the universal recipient?
Definition
Type AB.
Term
What are leukocytes?
Definition
White blood cells.
Term
Are WBC more numerous or less numerous than RBC?
Definition
Less.
Term
Do WBC perform a metabolism?
Definition
YES! Have a nucleus + organelles.
Term
How do they leave circulation? Why would they want to do that?
Definition
Diapedisis - ameboid movements. They are attracted to potential infections and possible injuries by POSITIVE chemotaxis.
Term
Do WBC have hemoglobin?
Definition
NO. They're white.
Term
What are the 2 types of WBC?
Definition
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
Term
What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?
Definition
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
Term
How big are neutrophils and what percentage do they make up of all leukocytes? What does their nucleus look like? What is their function?
Definition
They are twice the size of an erythrocyte. Make up 50-70%. Multilobed. Phagocytize bacteria and fungi. Defensins.
Term
How big are eosinophils and what percentage do they make up of all leukocytes? What does their nucleus look like? What is their function?
Definition
Same size as neutrophils. 2-4%. Bi-lobed nucleus. Reduce inflammation, phagocytic.
Term
How big are basophils and what percentage do they make up of all leukocytes? What does their nucleus look like? What is their function?
Definition
Same size but have big ass granules. Less than 1%. Nucleus is U shaped/difficult to see. Involved in inflammatory response by the release of histamine and heparin.
Term
What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes?
Definition
Lymphocytes and monocytes.
Term
What is the shape of Lymphocytes nucleus and what is their function? What is their percentage?
Definition
Dark, spherical shaped nucleus. T-cells attack virus-infected body cells and B-cells produce antibody secreting cells. 20-30%.
Term
What is the function of monocytes? What is the shape of their nucleus? What percentage?
Definition
Roaming macrophages. Kidney-bean shaped nucleus. 2-8%.
Term
What is the order of most to least of WBC?
Definition
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocyes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Term
What is leukopenia?
Definition
Abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs, glucocorticoids, and anti-cancer agents.
Term
What is leukocytosis?
Definition
Increase in WBC count indicating an infection/homeostatic imbalance. >11,000
Term
What is infectious mononucleosis?
Definition
"Kissing disease" caused by epstein-barr virus that results in atypical agranulocytes.
Term
What is leukemia?
Definition
Cancerous condition of WBC. Immature WBC in body.
Term
What is acute vs chronic leukemia?
Definition
Acute - quick advancing cancer derived from lymphoblasts. Quickly causes death.

Chronic - slow advancing cancer derived from late stages of myeloblasts. Slowly causes death.
Term
How is leukemia treated?
Definition
Bone marrow transplant.
Term
What are thrombocytes?
Definition
Platelets
Term
What is the size of a thrombocyte?
Definition
Less than half the size of a RBC.
Term
_____ most numerous of the three formed elemtents. (250,000 - _______)
Definition
Second. 400,000 per mm^3.
Term
Are they true cells?
Definition
No. Fragments of megakaryocytes.
Term
What chemical is responsible for the production of platelets?
Definition
Thrombopoetin.
Term
What is the lifespan of a platelet?
Definition
9-12 days.
Term
What are the three phases of blood clotting?
Definition
1.)Vascular
2.)Platelet
3.)Coagulation
Term
What happens in the vascular phase?
Definition
Smooth muscle contraction/spasm to vasoconstrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow to injured area which is stimulated by endothelin.
Term
What happens in the platelet phase?
Definition
Platelets aggregate and stick to exposed collagen fibers. Enhanced by the adenosine diphosphate, platelet factors, PDGF and calcium ions. SANDBAGS.
Term
What happens in the coagulation phase?
Definition
The formation of a clot which involves two chemical pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic).
Term
What is the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
Definition
Extrinsic - faster, major damage has occured outside blood vessel. Stimulated by Tissue Factor secreted by tissues.

Intrinsic - Slower. Minor damage inside of blood vessel, all 13 steps. Stimulated by Platelet factor 3.
Term
What is the common phase between the two pathways?
Definition
Factor 10.
Term
What are the three subsequent steps that both pathways follow?
Definition
11.)Prothrombinase is released.
12.)Prothrombinase activates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
13.)Thrombin activates the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.
Term
What happens during clot retraction?
Definition
Platelets contract to pull on the surrouding fibrin strands compacting the clot and encouraging blood vessel healing. SYNERESIS.
Term
What does PDGF stimulate?
Definition
Cell division of smooth muscle and connective tissue to rebuild the wall of the vessel.
Term
What is fibrinolysis?
Definition
The fibrin strands are broken by PLASMIN.
Term
After the last three steps...
Definition
A SCAB IS FORMED.
Term
What is thrombus?
Definition
Clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel.
Term
What is embolus?
Definition
A thrombus that is freely floating the blood stream.
Term
What is hemophelia?
Definition
Inability to clot because of missing clotting factor. Sex-linked inheritance.
Term
What is thrombocytopenia?
Definition
Low numbers of circulating platelets causing spontaneous bleeding.
Term
What causes impaired liver function?
Definition
Vitamin K deficiencies.
Term
What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?
Definition
Widespread clot formation.
Term
Erythropoesis is...
Definition
the production of red blood cells in red bone marrow or flat bones and proximal limb bones.
Term
What are the three phases of the production of RBC?
Definition
1. Ribosome Synthesis --> Early erythroblasts --> Late erythroblasts 2.Hemoglobin accumulation --> Late erythroblast --> Normoblast 3.Ejection of Nucleus --> Reticulocyte --> Erythrocyte
Term
What chemical regulates erythropoesis?
Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys when RBC low, reduced oxygen (hypoxia), insufficient hemoglobin amounts, when blood flow to the kidneys is compromised.
Term
Leucopoiesis is...
Definition
the production of WBC that occurs in the red bone marrow but initiated by various cytokines released when there is an infection.
Term
What is the process from a hemocytoblast to a lymphocyte/monocyte/all 3 phils.
Definition
Lymphoid stem cell --> lymphocyte

Myeloid stem cell --> myeloblasts/monoblasts

myeloblasts --> neutro/eosino/basophils
monoblasts --> monocytes
Term
Thrombopoiesis is...
Definition
production of platelets in the red bone marrow initiated by thrombopoetin.
Term
How does it happen?
Definition
Hemocytoblast --> Myeloid Stem Cell --> Megakaryocytes --> PLatelets
Term
LOOK AT DIAGRAMS IN YOUR NOTES THAT YOU DREW. THEY ARE DELIGHTFULLY ACCURATE AND MAKE MORE SENSE THAN THIS BULLSHIT.
Definition
You're welcome.
Term
What is the tunica interna? What is the main tissue type? What else is it called?
Definition
The innermost layer of a vessel wall. Simple squamous epithelium/endothelium. AKA Internal elastic membrane. INTIMA.
Term
What is the tunica media? What is the main tissue type? What else is it called?
Definition
The middle layer which functions in vasodilation/constriction. Smooth muscle & elastin fibers. External elastic membrane.
Term
What is the tunica externa? What is the main tissue type? What else is it called?
Definition
Outermost layer. Connective tissue - collagen fibers. Anchor, protect, prevent over stretching.
Term
What is an elastic artery? Where is it found? What are some characteristics?
Definition
Conducting vessel. Near the heart can withstand highest blood pressure. Diameter = 2.5 - 1 cm. Forms holey sheet like swiss cheese. Little ability to vasoconstrict. LEAST AMOUNT.
Term
What is a muscular artery? Where is it found? What are some characteristics?
Definition
Distribution vessels. Delivers blood to specific body organs. Diameter = 1 cm - .3 mm. Very active in vasoconstriction less distensible.
Term
What is an ateriole? Where is it found? What are some characteristics?
Definition
Regulate blood flow into the capillaries. Diameter = .3 mm - 10 micrometers. LARGEST AMOUNT.
Term
What are capillaries?
Definition
Connect arteries to veins and are the site of nutrient and waste exchange.
Term
Capillaries are the _____ of all blood vessels.
Definition
smallest.
Term
Capillaries are composed of a single layer of _____ ______ and a ______ ______.
Definition
Squamous epithelium and basale lamina.
Term
What are pericytes?
Definition
Star shaped cells that keep capillares from rupturing.
Term
What is a continuous capillary? What is its main tissue? Where is it found?
Definition
Posses an uninterrupted layer of squamous cells connected by tight junctions with few clefts. Found in the skin, skeletal muscle, and brain tissue.
Term
What is a fenestrated capillary? What is its main tissuer? Where is it found?
Definition
Where large proteins can move unlike in continuous. Have many pores/fenestrations. Common in areas of digestion/filtration.
Term
What are sinusoidal capillaries? What is its main tissue? Where is it found?
Definition
Leaky capillaries. Few tight junctions and lots of clefts. Found in places where things need to leave like bone marrow, liver, lymph organs. Have Kupffer cells that are in the liver. Macrophages.
Term
What are capillary beds?
Definition
Microcirculation. Network of vessels.
Term
What are collateral arteries?
Definition
More than one artery feeds into a capillary bed. These are back up arteries incase the regular is backed up.
Term
What are true capillaries?
Definition
WHere exchange occurs. there are 10-100 in each bed.
Term
What are precapillary sphincters?
Definition
Circular muscles which open and close to allow blow to flow into the true capillary vessels or to bypass them. Base of where arteriole feeds into bed.
Term
What is a metarteriole/thoroughfare channel?
Definition
A vascular SHUNT. These are vessels that allow the blood to bypass the true capillaries and be redirected to the tissues that need an increased blood supply.
Term
Which does an innactive tissue use?
Definition
Metarteriole because it does not need the maximum exchange.
Term
Where does the venous system transport blood? And what kind of blood are they transferring?
Definition
TOWARDS the heart. Deoxygenated.
Term
What do valves prevent? What happens if a valve fails? what are they made of?
Definition
A backflow of blood. Blood will pool abnormally causing a varicose vein. TUnica interna.
Term
Veins serve as ____ _____ and _____% of blood total volume is in the veins at any time.
Definition
Blood reservoirs. 65
Term
What are the 3 types of veins?
Definition
Venules, medium-sized veins, large veins.
Term
What are venules? What are some characteristics?
Definition
Drain capillary beds into veins. Extremley porous so closer to capillaries than veins. Posses only endothelium and pericytes. 50 micrometers in size.
Term
What are medium-sized veins? What are some characteristics?
Definition
Range from 2-9 mm in diamter. Media = thin. Smooth muscle and collagen.
Term
What are large veins and what are some characterstics?
Definition
INclude the superior and inferior venae cavae and their tributaries.
Term
Large veins that are flattened with extremely thin walls are...
Definition
venous sinuses found around the heart (coronary sinus) and the brain (dural).
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