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| How many alleles are inherited for most traits in humans and pea plants? |
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Definition
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| What do you call a genotypic family tree? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the father of modern genetics? |
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| Theory of heredity coined by an Augistinian Monk. |
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| Inheritance characterized by full expression of both alleles in the heterozygote. |
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| Interaction between two NON-allelic genes in which one modifies the phenotypic expression of the other. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call the genotypic condition of having two identical alleles? |
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| A ___________ symbol represents expression of that trait in a pedigree. |
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Definition
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| The trait that always appears in the F1 generation after a cross between two true-breeding organisms with different traits. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genetic term for the collective alleles that code for a single trait? |
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| Always producing offspring that have the same traits as the parents when they are self-fertilized. |
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Term
| What do you call a cross between two heterozygotes for a single trait? |
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Definition
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| Genotypic condition of having two different alleles. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call the genetic make-up for a particular trait (alleles)? |
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Definition
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| More than two alleles code for a given trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the man who invented a method utilizing squares to represent gametes for determining potential genotypes of offspring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genetic term to describe a phenotype that is fully expressed in the heterozygote? |
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Term
| The ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| What symbolizes females in a pedigree? |
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Definition
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Term
| The term for each allele segregating independently during metaphase I of meiosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genetic term to describe a phenotype that is not fully expressed in the heterozygote? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ inheritance is when several genes code for a single trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a cross between two heterozygotes for two traits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of inheritance was assumed before inheritance? |
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Definition
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Term
| A cross between an unknown expressing a dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive. Done to determine the genotype. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call alternative forms of a gene? |
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Definition
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Term
| The trait that always absent (masked) in the F1 generation after a cross between two true-breeding organisms with different traits. |
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Definition
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Term
| The expressed trait that can be seen or measured. |
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Definition
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Term
| What symbolizes males in a pedigree? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the chromosome theory of inheritance in relation to gene transfer. |
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Definition
Is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material.
It states simply that chromosomes, which are seen in all dividing cells and pass from one generation to the next, are the basis for all genetic inheritance. |
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Term
How many chromosomes are found in the human sperm cell?
Are these cells diploid or haploid? |
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Definition
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Term
How many chromosomes are found in the human egg cell?
Are these cells diploid or haploid? |
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Definition
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Term
How many chromosomes are found in the human zygote?
Are these cells diploid or haploid? |
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Definition
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Term
Contrast between genes and alleles.
Identify them in relation to a chromosome. |
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Definition
Genes are discrete heritable units that retain their separate identities in offspring.
Alleles are the alternative forms of genes that are responsible for variations in inherited characteristics.
Alleles for the same gene occur at the same locus on the chromosome. |
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Term
| Identify and give an example of homozygous alleles. |
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Definition
Having two identical alleles for a given trait (true-breeding).
Homozygous recessive (both alleles are recessive): both alleles code for white flowers
Homozygous dominant (both alleles are dominant): both alleles code for purple flowers |
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Term
| Identify and give an example of heterozygous alleles. |
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Definition
Having two different alleles for a given trait.
e.g. one allele for white flowers and one for purple |
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Term
| Identify and give an example of dominant allele. |
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Definition
The white flower factor was not lost but merely masked by the purple flower factor.
Dominant: Expressed factor |
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Term
| Identify and give an example of recessive allele. |
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Definition
The white flower factor was not lost but merely masked by the purple flower factor.
Recessive: Masked factor |
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Term
| Identify and give an example of complete dominance. |
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Definition
The dominant phenotype is fully expressed in the heterozygote, masking the recessive trait.
e.g. Mendel's peas |
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Term
| Identify and give an example of incomplete dominance. |
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Definition
The dominant phenotype is not fully expressed in the heterozygote.
e.g. P1 - Red and White
F1 Pink
F2 1 Red, 1 white, 2 Pink |
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Term
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Definition
An organisms genetic makeup.
e.g. alleles (PP) |
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Term
| What does phenotype mean? |
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Definition
Traits that can be seen.
e.g. purple flowers |
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Term
| What is a monohybrid cross? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a di-hybrid cross? |
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Definition
| Crossing two different traits |
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Term
| Explain the parental generation (P1). |
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Definition
| The parental generation is the first set of parents crossed. |
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Term
| Explain the first generation (F1). |
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Definition
| The F1 (first filial) generation consists of all the offspring from the parents - their children. |
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Term
| Explain the second generation (F2). |
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Definition
| The F2 (second filial) generation consists of the offspring from allowing the F1 individuals to interbreed - the grandchildren of the parental generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that always produced the same plant when self-fertilized. |
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Term
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Definition
Predict inheritance from a Punnett square when the genotype is unknown by doing a test cross.
Cross a homozygous recessive since we know the genotype is always pp; with dominant phenotype (unknown genotype):
If the unknown is PP - all offspring will be purple (Pp)
If the unknown is Pp - 1/2 purple (Pp) and 1/2 white (pp) |
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Term
| Explain the differences between co-dominance and incomplete dominance. |
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Definition
Codominance: Inheritance expression of both alleles in the heterozygote
Incomplete dominance: The DOMINANT phenotype is not fully expressed in the heterozygote |
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Term
| Explain and give an example of multiple alleles for a single gene. |
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Definition
It is possible to have more than two forms of an allele.
Gene: Blood type
Alleles: A, B, AB, O |
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Term
| Explain and demonstrate the inheritance of sex in mammals and insects (Drosophila). |
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Definition
Although both mammals and fruit flies produce XX females and XY males, their chromosomes achieve these ends using very different means. The sex-determining mechanisms in mammals and in insects such as Drosophila are very different. In mammals, the Y chromosome plays a pivotal role in determining the male sex.
In Drosophila, sex determination is achieved by a balance of female determinants on the X chromosome and male determinants on the autosomes. Normally, flies have either one or two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes. If there is but one X chromosome in a diploid cell (1X:2A), the fly is male. If there are two X chromosomes in a diploid cell (2X:2A), the fly is female.
In flies, the Y chromosome is not involved in determining sex. Rather, it contains genes active in forming sperm in adults. |
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Term
| Contrast between autosomes and sex chromosomes. |
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Definition
An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome (i.e., not a sex chromosome).
Autosomes appear in pairs whose members have the same form but which differ from other pairs in a diploid cell, whereas members of an allosome pair may differ from one another and thereby determine sex. For example, in humans there are typically 22 pairs of autosomes and one allosome pair. The allosome pair consists of two X chromosomes (female) or one X and one Y chromosome (male). |
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Term
| Explain and give examples of polygenic inheritance. |
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Definition
Several genes determine a single phenotypic trait.
e.g. eye color
Skin pigment in humans is controlled by at least three different genes |
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Term
| Explain and give examples of epistasis |
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Definition
Interaction between two genes where one modifies the other.
B = black pigment
b = brown pigment
C determines if pigment is deposited |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of an individual with Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). |
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Definition
Characterized by the neotenization of the brain and body to the fetal state.
Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following physical characteristics: abnormally small chin, oblique eye fissures with skin folds on the inner corner of the eyes, poor muscle tone, a flat nasal bridge, a single palmar fold, a protruding tongue due to small oral cavity, and an enlarged tongue near the tonsils, "face is flat and broad", a short neck, white spots on the iris, excessive space between large toe and second toe, and short fingers. |
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