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Ch. 10
Asexual Propergation
56
Science
Undergraduate 3
09/30/2012

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Term
Clone
Definition
An individual or a group of individuals that develop asexually from cells or tissues of a single parent individual
Term
Apomixis
Definition
A form of asexual (vegetative) reproduction through which seeds are produced without fertilization, the seeds being entirely of maternal orgin.
Term
Cutting
Definition
A detached vegetative material from a plant used to produce a new plant.  Cutting are by far the most commonly used asexual propagation method in the horticultural industry
Term
Hardwood Cutting
Definition
A cutting derived from a mature or woody stem material
Term
Leaf Cutting
Definition
A whole leaf or part of one that is detached and used to raise a new plant
Term
Grafting
Definition

A technique if uniting two plants so they grow as Grafting may be used for relatively simpler projects in the spring

 

can be defined as the art of joining parts of plants together so that they will unite and continue their growth as one plant.

Term
Rootstock
Definition

The bottom part of a graft that is in contact with the soil and not allowed to produce side shoots

 

is the lower part of the graft combination that is to become the root system

Term
Scion
Definition

the plant part that is the top part of a graft and grows to become the desired shoot

 

is that part of the graft combination that is to become the upper or top portion of the plant

Term
Graft Campatibility
Definition
The ability of scion and stock materials to accept each other and be joined as one
Term
Grafting Wax
Definition
A pliable, sticky, water repellant material made of beeswax, resin, and tallow, and applied to waterproof a graft junction
Term
Topgrafting
Definition
a method of graftin in which the cultivar of a tree is changed by grafting the main scaffold branches or the stem using a new cultivar
Term
Gridling
Definition

the interruption of phloem transport by removing a ring of bark from the stem

 

-mice may do this to a tree in winter when their is snow on the ground and they can't get to food

Term
Budding
Definition
a form of grafting in which the scion consists of a single vegetative bud
Term
Layering
Definition

A method of vegetative propagation of plants usually with flexible limbs(shrubs, vines) in which roots are generated on the limb before being severed for planting as an independent plant

 

the part to be rooted from the mother plant is left attached receiving water and nutrients frim the mother plant

 

after the stem pieces has rooted it is cut from the mother plant and transplanted to grow independently

Term
separation
Definition
A method of propagation in which underground structures of plants are divided not by cutting but by breaking along natural lines between segments
Term
Division
Definition
a method of propagation in which underground stems are cut into pieces and replanted
Term
off shoot
Definition
the generic term for adventitious shoots that arise from various parts of the plant
Term
micropropagation
Definition
the technique of producing new plants from  single cells, tissue or small pieces of vegetative material
Term
Callus
Definition
A mass of undifferentiated cells that can be induced or arise naturally as a result of wounding
Term
explant
Definition
generic term for the living vegetative plant material extracted for tissue culturing on an appropriate medium
Term
somaclonal variation
Definition
heritable variation that arises spontaneously as callus forms on a tissue culture medium
Term
Pedicle(Botany)
Definition
the stalk of an indivudual flower
Term
Peduncle (botany)
Definition
a stalk supporting an inflorescence, which is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed
Term
Mitosis
Definition
produces new cells for the growth and maintenance of plants
Term
Meiosis
Definition
s the major source of biological variation, resulting from the event of crossing over. However, the ultimate source of variation is mutation. The expression genes is subject to the environment in which they occurred.
Term
zygote
Definition
the product of the union of two gametes
Term
totipotency
Definition
the notion that every cell in an organism has the same genes and thus the same genetic potential to make other cells or other cell types
Term
polyploidy
Definition
a condition in which a cell nucleus has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes for the species
Term
Parthenocarpy
Definition
the development of fruit in the absence of fertilization
Term
Scarification
Definition
seed coat may be softened before planting by one of several methods
Mechanical scratching of the seed coat
Tumbling seeds in a drum with coarse materials
Soaking seeds in sulfuric acid or bleach
Term
Seed Treatment
Definition
*Soilless mixes that are pasteurized
*Field soil harbors a wide variety of pathogens that are harmful to *seeds(damping-off disease) p. 747
*Seed may be coated with a fungicide
*seed may be dipped in 10% household bleach
*seed may be pelleted to make planting easier
*Fluid drilling of sprouted seeds (pre-germinated)
Term
Chemical
Definition
*acid treatment
*leaching with water
*primed seeds: seeds soaked in a specific solution to initiate physiological processes for quicker germination.
Term
Physical
Definition
*mechanical
*temperature
*light
Term
Types of Seed Dormancy
Definition
1. Structural dormancy/seed coat dormancy scarification
2. Physiological dormancy/embryo dormancy
Embryo requires a special treatment
3. Stratification: a cold temperature application 1 to7 C or 34 to 45 F to break dormancy
After Ripening: a period after harvesting required by certain fruits to complete embryo maturity. Chemical in plant/fruit that inhibit germination
Term
Seed Germination
Definition
is a complex process involving metabolic, respiration, and hormonal activities
Term
Treated seeds germinate early and uniformly
Seed Treatment
Definition
*Soilless mixes that are pasteurized
*Field soil harbors a wide variety of pathogens that are harmful to *seeds(damping-off disease) p. 747
*Seed may be coated with a fungicide
*seed may be dipped in 10% household bleach
*seed may be pelleted to make planting easier
*Fluid drilling of sprouted seeds (pre-germinated)
Term
Environmental Conditions for Seed Germination
Definition
Germination involves
*physiological processes
*Biochemical processes
Term
Critical Factors are as follows:
Definition
1. Moisture
2. Temperature
3. Light
4. Air/Oxygen (germination is an aerobic process)
5. Disease Free (Fungal attracts by Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani)
Term
Epigeous Germination
Definition
a type of seed germination in which the cotyledons rise above the soil surface, Fig. 9-6, p. 301
Term
Hypogenous Germination
Definition
a type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain below the soil surface, Fig. 9-7, p. 301
Term
Direct Seeding
Definition
is a one-step planting method in which seeds are placed permanently in the spots in the field where they will germinate, grow and reproduce.
Term
indirect seeding
Definition
is a two-stage process of establishing plants in the field. They are started in a nursery and /or greenhouse and transplanted to their permanent location.
Term
Fertilizing
Definition
Low-level application of a complete fertilizer 20-20-20 (N,P&K)
Too much fertilizer will develop week seedlings Difficult to transplant
Term
Hardening Off
Definition
A horticultural practice whereby seedling are prepared for transplanting to the field. This done by gradually
withholding water, nutrients, and decreasing temperature.
Term
Transplant shock
Definition
A temporary setback in growth suffered by fresh transplants due to adverse conditions
Term
seminal roots
Definition
(true roots) produced only by the seed
Term
adventitious roots
Definition
Adventitious roots- these roots can originate from root initials that are formed adjacent to vascular tissues.
Term
methods of propagation
Definition
cuttings(able to form adventitious roots)
Grafting
Budding
Layering
specialized underground structures
micro-propagation/tissue culture
Term
Cutting
Key information
Definition
Cuttings is the most commonly used vegetative method of propagation
Any of the 3 primary plant organs may be used
Stem
Leaf
Root
Cuttings need to be rooted (adventitious rooting)
Term
Cutting may be of:
Definition
Herbaceous tissue
Softwood
Hardwood(semi-hardwood or woody cuttings)
3 types of cuttings may be obtained from the same plant.
Term
Detached scion grafting
Definition
is the method in which the scion is detached; only the stock remains rooted
Term
Approach grafting
Definition
is the method where 2 plants are united at a predetermined and prepared site
Term
plant conditions
compatibility graft compatibility
Definition
diameter of parts-pencil sized scions are used
physiological state-done on dormant plants
alignment of tissues- cambila contact of scion and rootstock
Term
nucellar
Definition
tissue enclosing the embryo sac has not undergone reduction division and has the same genetic makeup as the female parent
Term
disease in clones
Definition

*some disease causing viruses can be removed from clonal material by heat treatment
*in the meristem you can take off the top and get rid of the disease

Term
Polarity
Definition
must be observed the scions must be inserted so that the buds point upward
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