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Ch10 Photosynthesis
BIO181 BIO 181 Obermiller
70
Biology
Undergraduate 2
06/14/2012

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Cards

Term
How many carbons are in ribulose?
Definition
Five
Term
What is used to generate ATP molecules during photosynthesis?
Definition
ATP Synthase
Term
What are the pigments that can absorb light energy in photosynthetic organisms called?
Definition
Chlorophyll
Term
What is the difference in the number of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid lumen as compared to the stroma?
Definition
1000-fold
Term
What is the only type of chlorophyll that participates directly in the light reaction?
Definition
Chlorophyll a
Term
What are organisms that cannot produce their own chemical energy called?
Definition
Heterotroph
Term
What is the electron flow that occurs between photosystem II and I?
Definition
Noncyclic
Term
What color of light energy is least useful in photosynthesis?
Definition
Green
Term
What are the sacs within the stroma that contain chlorophyll and are the specific sites of the light reaction stage of photosynthesis?
Definition
Thylakoids
Term
What organisms can use light energy to produce chemical energy?
Definition
Photoautotrophs
Term
How many NADPHs are required to produce one three carbon sugar in the dark reaction?
Definition
Six
Term
What is the inner most region of chloroplasts and the site of the Calvin cycle?
Definition
Stroma
Term
What is the enzyme (aka RUBP carboxylase) that attaches CO2 to the sugar ribulose to start the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis?
Definition
Rubisco
Term
What is the by-product of the first step of the light reaction of photosystem II, which is produced by splitting water molecules?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
What is split in the first step of the light reaction of photosystem II to replinish the electron lost from p680?
Definition
Water
Term
What is the series of chemical reactions that converts light energy into chemical energy called?
Definition
Photosynthesis
Term
What is the chlorophyll molecule in the center of photosystem II that absorbs light energy at 700nM?
Definition
P700
Term
What organelles are found in photosynthetic organisms that are the sites of photosynthesis?
Definition
Chloroplasts
Term
What is the dark reaction in photosythesis that converts CO2 into three carbon sugars using ATP and NADPH generated in the light reaction?
Definition
Calvin
Term
Give the order (from lowest energy to highest energy) of light in the visible light spectrum.
Definition
ROYGBIV
Term
What is the electron flow that occurs only in photosystem I?

Used to generate additional ATP needed for the Calvin cycle.
Definition
Cyclic
Term
What is the complex of accessory pigments that transfers light energy to a central chlorophyll pigment?
Definition
Antenna
Term
How many ATPs are required to produce one three carbon sugar in the dark reaction?
Definition
Nine
Term
What is photosynthesis?
Definition
Transformation of solar light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules
Term
In what organelle does photosynthesis occur in the cell?
Definition
Chloroplast
Term
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Term
What pigment is required for photosynthesis?
Definition
Chloropyll
Term
Know the three different modes of acquiring nutrients.

Give an example of each.
Definition
Autotrophic
Photoautotrophs: use light as an energy source
- plants, cyanobacteria, algae
Chemoautotrophs: use inorganic stuff such as sulfur
- archaebacteria

Heterotrophic: consumers
- animals, fungi
Term
What is p680?
Definition
Reaction center that has a chlorophyll a molecule
Term
What is p700?
Definition
Reaction center that has a chlorophyll a molecule
Term
Where did p680 and p700 get their names?
Definition
From their optimal wavelength that they work best at. Respectively, 680nM and 700nM
Term
Know the order of the visible spectrum of light from lowest energy to highest energy.
Definition
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Term
What wavelength of light is least useful to photosynthesis?
Definition
Green
Term
What is an antenna complex?
Definition
Light (photon) gathering complex
Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
What are chloroplasts?
Definition
Lens shaped organelles divided into four regions by two membranes
Term
What are the four regions of chloroplast?
Definition
Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, and stroma
Term
What is the stroma?
Definition
Inner most region of the chloroplast containing viscous fluid.

- site of reactions that convert CO2 to sugars
Term
What are thylakoids?
Definition
Sacs within the stroma that contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis
Term
What are grana?
Definition
Thylakoids stacked into columns
Term
What is the thylakoid lumen?
Definition
Interior of thylakoid
Term
Where is photosystem I and II located?
Definition
Thylakoid membrane
Term
Where does electron transport occur?
Definition
Chloroplasts: Thylakoid membrane

Mitochondria: Inner Membrane
Term
Where do hydrogen ions build up to drive ATP synthase?
Definition
Chloroplasts: Thylakoid space/lumen

Mitochondria: Intermembrane space
Term
Where does the dark reaction occur in the chloroplasts?
Definition
Stroma
Term
Know the pH difference in the thylakoid and how it relates to the mitochondria.
Definition
pH in the thylakoid space/lumen drops to about 5 and the pH in the stroma increases to about 8 (a thousand-fold difference in H+ concentration)

This is a hundred fold greater concentration of H+ than in the mitochondria
Term

Show the relationship of how chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP.

 

Mechanism: chemiosmosis

Definition
[image]
Term
Describe each step of the light reaction.
Definition
Noncyclic electron flow:
-Photosystem II absorbs light
-Excited chlorophyll a electron reaches higher energy level
-The excited electron is captured by the primary electron acceptor
-Enzyme extracts electrons from water and gives them to p680 to replace missing electron
-Each excited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of PSII to PSI via ETC
-ATP is formed through noncyclic phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
-Electron reaches bottom of ETC it fills hole in p700 of PSI
-Primary electron acceptor passes the electron to a second ETC
-Electron is transfered to NADP+ forming NADPH

Cyclic electron flow:
-Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons from PSI can take alternative pathway
-Excited electrons cycle from reaction center to a primary acceptor, along an ETC, and returns to oxidized p700
-As electrons flow along the ETC, generate ATP by cyclic photophosphorylation
Term
What color do pigments that absorb all wavelengths appear?
Definition
Black
Term
Which pigment directly participates in the light reaction?
Definition
Chlorophyll a
Term
What are pigments which can participate by transferring light energy to chlorophyll a called?
Definition
Accessory pigments
Term
What are the accessory pigments that transfer light energy to chlorophyll a?
Definition
Chlorophyll b (yellow-green)
Carotenoids (yellow and orange)
Term
What is the function of accessory pigments?
Definition
Increase the range of wavelengths available for photosynthesis
Term
What is the structural difference between chlorophyll a and b?
Definition
CH3 in a
CHO in b
Term
What is produced in the light reaction?
Definition
ATP
NADPH
O2
Term
What pigments make up the antenna complex?
Definition
Chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments
Term
What is a heme?
Definition
An iron compound of protoporphyrin which constitutes the pigment portion or protein-free part of the hemoglobin molecule and is responsible for its oxygen-carrying properties.

The deep red, oxygen-carrying, nonprotein, ferrous component of hemoglobin.
Term
What accessory molecule is in hemoglobin?
Definition
Iron
Term
What accessory molecule is found in the heme chlorophyll?
Definition
Magnesium
Term
Describe noncyclic electron flow.
Definition
In Noncyclic electron flow, the predominant route, both photosystem I and photosystem II work together to produce both ATP and NADPH

Process:
-occurs in thylakoid membrane
-passes e continuously from water to NADP+
-Produces ATP by noncyclic photophosphorylation
-Forms NADPH and O2
Term
Describe cyclic electron flow.
Definition
Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons from photosystem I, but not photosystem II, can take an alternative pathway, called cyclic electron flow

Excited electrons cycle from their reaction center to a primary acceptor, along an electron transport chain, and returns to the oxidized P700 chlorophyll (thus cyclic)

As electrons flow along the electron transport chain, they generate ATP by cyclic photophosphorylation. ATP generated is used for the Calvin cycle (generates enough surplus ATP to satisfy higher demand for ATP in the Calvin cycle).
Term
In what part of the light reaction does cyclic electron flow occur?
Definition
Photosystem I
Term
What is the purpose of cyclic electron flow?
Definition
Generate ATP for the Calvin cycle.

Noncyclic electron flow produces ATP and NADPH in roughly equal quantities. However, the Calvin cycle consumes more ATP than NADPH.

Cyclic electron flow allows the chloroplasst to generate enough ATP surplus to satisfy the higher demands for ATP in the Calvin cycle.
Term
What produces ATP in plant cells, and where are they produced?
Definition
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

ATP is produced by ATP synthase (enzyme)
Term
What occurs in the Calvin cycle?
Definition
Uses ATPs and NADPHs generated during the light reactions to convert CO2 into sugar.

Ribulose biphosphate - RuBP, starting material is regenerated (very similar to the Krebs cycle).

Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a 3 carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Term
What molecules are required and how many of each to generate a single triose sugar?
Definition
3 molecules of CO2
9 ATPs
6 NADPHs
Term
What is ribulose biphosphate?
Definition
Five carbon sugar (the CO2 acceptor)
Term
What enzyme catalyzes the initial step in the Calvin cycle?
Definition
RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco)
Term
How many Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are recycled for every one produced in the Calvin cycle?
Definition
Five
Term
What is the most important process to the welfare of life on earth?
Definition
Photosynthesis because it nourishes almost the entire living world directly and indirectly.
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