Shared Flashcard Set

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ch. 10-14
psyc3050
77
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/06/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
job satisfaction
Definition
a pleasurable, positive emotional state resulting from the cognitive appraisal of one's job or job experiences
Term
job satisfaction antecedents
Definition

the characteristics or factors that lead to job satisfaction

 

  • job characteristics
  • individual/personal characteristics
  • social factors
  • growth opportunities
Term

job satisfaction:

 

job characteristics

Definition

hackman and oldham

 

one's satisfaction with a job is affected by the structure of the job and what it provides

 

"daily hassles" negatively relate to job satisfaction

 

r = .30 to .40

Term

job satisfaction: job characteristics:

 

autonomy

Definition

the right of self-government 

 

allowing employees to pick their schedule, number of shift hours, etc., then job satisfaction is achieved

Term
components of job characteristics
Definition

skill variety

task identity

task significance

autonomy

job feedback

stress and workload

Term

individual/personal characteristics (antecedent):

 

affective disposition

Definition

the tendency to respond to classes of environmental stimuli in predetermined, affect-based ways

 

leads to job satisfaction

 

can account for 30% of variance in job satisfaction

Term

job satisfaction consequences:

 

withdrawal behaviors

Definition

Absenteeism

r = .15-.25

 

Lateness

r = .21

 

Turnover

r = .20-.30

 

(ALT - j) - having withdrawals from not listening to them in a while

Term
work centrality
Definition

the degree of importance that work holds in one's life

 

develops as a result of socialization, reflecting the nature of our individual role models as we grow and mature

 

r = .35-.45

Term
emotion regulation
Definition

the ways in which individuals monitor their emotions and the expression of those emotions

 

 

regulate = monitor

like a referee

Term

emotion regulation:

 

amplification

Definition
faking/exaggerating pleasant emotions
Term

emotion regulation:

 

suppression

Definition
hiding displays of felt emotions such as anger or jealousy
Term
emotional labor
Definition
the effort, planning, and control required by employees to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions
Term

emotional labor:

 

emotional dissonance

Definition

occurs when an individual's true feelings are different from the emotions they project on the job

 

leads to stress, burnout, and poor performance

Term
general stress model
Definition

sources of stress --> organizational stress -->strains

                                        coping strategies

 

sources: intrinsic work factors, role variables, interpersonal relationships, and career development

 

job related strains: low job satisfaction, ineffective performance, lack of motivation, increased absences 

 

emotion-related strains: emotional exhaustion, depression, irritability, reduced self-esteem

 

physiological strains: increased illnesses, physiological changes (blood pressure, chest pains, heart rate)

Term

"some stressors _____ relate to job satisfaction."

 

a. positively

b. negatively

Definition
positively
Term
3 models for how families deal with stress:
Definition

segmentation model

 

compensation model

 

spillover model

Term
segmentation model
Definition

work and familiy issues are kept separate

little overlap

Term
compensation model
Definition
domains of work and family operate in a counterbalancing manner
Term
spillover model
Definition

attitudes and behaviors carry over from one domain to the other

 

ex. after hard day of work, man comes home and either drinks too much or abuses his dog out

Term
organization-motivated aggression
Definition
attempts by someone inside or outside the organization to cause injury or to be destructive as a result of some organizatonal factor
Term
organization-motivated violence
Definition
the negative effects on people/property that result from organization-motivated aggression
Term
risk factors for violence in organizations
Definition
  • contact with the public
  • being involved in the exchange of money
  • delivering passengers, goods, or services
  • having a mobile workplace (taxicab or police cruiser)
  • working with unstable persons (healthcare, social services)
  • working alone or in small numbers
Term
job loss
Definition
  • U.S. corporations have been reducing the number of jobs at alarming rates since the 1980s
  • anxiety about job loss continues to rise
  • unemployment creates spillover effects on famiily - a precursor to depression
  • social support is important for coping with job loss

 

Term
work group
Definition

an interdependent collection of individuals who share responsibility for specific outcomes for their organizations

 

formal groups

informal groups

Term
"Informal groups function to...
Definition
...satisfty security needs in that they make employees feel safe and connected."
Term
roles
Definition
set of behaviors expected of a person who occupies a particular position in a group
Term
role ambiguity
Definition
a situation that results when role expectations are unclear and employees are thus not sure what is expected of them
Term
group cohesion
Definition

the strength of members' motivation to maintain membership in a group and of the links/bonds that have developed among the members

 

  • a binding force that pushes members together and a combative force that tries to pull them apart
  • group unity or "we-ness" where members feel such a strong sense of belonging that they put the goals of the group above their personal goals
  • a special type of interpersonal attraction
  • an aspect of "teamwork"
Term
positive consequences of group cohesion
Definition

a great deal of research across athletic, industrial, and educational settings demonstrates that members of cohesive groups report being more satisfied than do members of non-cohesive groups

 

group cohesion is positively linked to performance

Term
social loafing
Definition

the reduction in individual effort that occurs when people work in groups instead of alone

 

less likely to occur in cohesive groups rather than non-cohesive groups

 

concept presented by Max Ringelmann in early 1900s

Term
free riding
Definition

a situation that occurs when employees do less than their share of the work but still share equally in the rewards

 

 

i almost got away with this when i went to ACL senior year and skipped my group presentation in steverson's class

Term
stages in effective decision making
Definition
  1. diagnose the problem
  2. generate solutions (brainstorm)
  3. evaluate solutions
  4. choose a solution
  5. develop an action plan and implementation 
Term
effective decision making
Definition

although no two groups make decisions in exactly the same way, certain elements can be said to characterize most successful decision-making

 

consensus (general agreement) is perceived as an effective group decision making skill because of interaction and brainstorming

Term

ineffective decision making:

 

groupthink

Definition

a mode of thinking that individuals engage in, when the desire to agree becomes so dominant in a cohesive group, that it tends to override the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

 

prevention:

  • deemphasize agreement
  • quickly connect misperceptions/biases rather than assuming accuracy
  • follow basic steps for effective decision making

past examples:

  • pearl harbor
  • watergate
  • challenger disaster
Term
groupthink symptoms
Definition
  • belief in invulnerability of group
  • belief in unanimity of group members
  • pressure on dissenters
  • appointing of a mind-guard
  • rationalizing 
  • stereotyping
  • self-censorship
  • illusions of morality
Term
groupthink antecedents
Definition
  • group cohesion
  • isolation
  • strong, biased leadership
  • high decisional stress
Term
Janis's Model of Groupthink
Definition

 

groupthink antecedents --> groupthink symptoms --> defective decision making

Term

work-team effectiveness:

 

3 dimensions

 

 

 

 

PAW --> tiger paw --> lsu tigers = team

Definition
  1. team performance
    • involves productivity, quality of output, and the degree to which costs are controlled in this process
  2. attitudes of team members
    • reflect quality of work life, trust in management, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction
  3. withdrawal behaviors
    • Absence
    • Lateness/tardiness
    • Turnover
Term
task-work
Definition
activities, behaviors, or actions that involve the task-oriented aspects of work
Term
teamwork
Definition
the activities, behaviors, or actions that involve the process-oriented aspects of work
Term
predictors of work-team effectiveness
Definition
  1. organizational context
    • rewards
    • goals and feedback
    • training
  2. group composition and size
    • cognitive ability of group members
    • personality traits of group members
    • demographic characteristics of group members
  3. group work design
    • member task and goal interdependence
  4. intragroup processes
  5. external group processes
Term
power
Definition
an individual's potential influence over the attitudes and behavior of one or more other individuals
Term
French and Raven's Bases of Power
Definition
  1. legitimate power
  2. reward power
  3. coercive power
  4. expert power
  5. referent power
Term
legitimate power
Definition

conferred on a person by the organization

 

is analogous to authority

Term
reward power
Definition

exists when an individual controls the reward of others

 

Term
coercive power
Definition
exists when an individual controls the punishment of others
Term
expert power
Definition
held by those who have specific expertise or proficiencies 
Term
referent power
Definition
gained when one is shown respect and admiration by others
Term
trait theories
Definition

"good man/good woman theory"

 

leadership theories that focus on identifying the individual characteristics that make people good leaders

Term

leadership self-efficacy (LSE)

 

(of trait theories)

Definition
the perceived capabilities of an individual to successfully accomplish leadership tasks
Term
behavior theories
Definition
leadership theories that focus on identifying what leaders actually do, in hopes to provide a better understanding of leadership processes
Term

initiating structure

 

(of behavior theories)

Definition
behaviors through which leaders define their own and their subordinates' roles in achieving the group's formal goals
Term

consideration

 

(of behavior theories)

Definition
the extent to which leaders act in a supportive way and show concern and respect for their subordinates
Term
contingency theories
Definition
leadership theories that differ from both trait and behavioral theories by formally taking into account situational or contextual variables
Term

Fred Fiedler's Contingency Theory

(1967)

Definition

effective leadership is a joint function of the characteristics of the leader and the features of the situation

  • task-oriented leaders are better suited for some situations 
  • relationship-oriented leaders are better suited for other situations

effectiveness depends on the extent to which leader orientation compliments situational favorability

Term

situational favorability

 

(of contingency theory)

Definition

a function of the leader's perception of situational control

 

three dimensions:

  1. leader-member relations
  2. task structure - clarity of goals and procedures
  3. position power - legitimate and reward power possessed
Term

leader style/orientation is measured by the Least Preferred Coworker mehod

 

"negative/low results describes a _____-oriented worker."

 

"positive/high results describes a _____-oriented worker."

Definition
        1. task
        2. person/relationship
Term
leader-member exchange theory
Definition

a leadership theory about work dyad that focuses on the relationships between subordinates and leaders rather than on leader behaviors or traits

 

refutes the idea of "average leadership style"

 

ingroups - subordinates have good relationships with their leaders

outgroups - subordinates have weak relationships with their leaders

Term
transformational leadership theory
Definition

a form of leadership in which the interaction of leader and follower raises both to higher levels of motivation and morality than they would achieve individually

 

four components:

1. idealized influence

2. inspirational motivation

3. intellectual stimulation

4. individualized consideration

Term

transformational leadership theory:

 

idealized influence

Definition
the charisma brought to a relationship by a leader who arouses in the follower a strong desire to identify or emulate the leader
Term

transformational leadership theory:

 

inspirational motivation

Definition
give followers challenges and a reason to engage in shared goals, with their focus on the best in people, such as harmony, charity, and good works
Term

transformational leadership theory:

 

intellectual stimulation

Definition
the process through which transformational leaders increase follower awareness of problems from a new perspective
Term

transformational leadership theory:

 

individualized consideration

Definition
what leaders share with followers when they treat each as an individual, providing support, encouragement, and growth experiences to all
Term
organizational theory
Definition

a set of propositions that explains or predicts how groups and individuals behave in varying organizational structures and circumstances

 

  1. organizations exist for economic reasosn adn to accomplish productivity goals
  2. scientific analysis will identify the one best way to organize for production
  3. specialization and the dividsion of labor maximize production
  4. both people and organizations act in accordance with rational economic principles
Term

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

 

humanistic theory

Definition

how management treats employees affects subsequent behavior

 

theory x

employees viewed as lazy, self-serving, uninterested in working, and lacking ambition and intelligence

theory y

emphasizes the inherent goodness, capacities, and potential of employees and that management must provide opportunities for growth

Term

span of control

 

(webber's idea)

Definition

the number of subordinates who report to a given supervisor

 

to achieve optimal span of control:

  • supervisors must be able to effectively manage all subordinates with respect to oversight, delegation of tasks, etc.
  • the organziation must not become "top heavy" with supervision

 

trend is to have a larger span of control as a result of fewer middle-level managers

if span is too large, supervisors are unable to manage so many subordinates

if span is too small, there is an overabundance of supervisors managing too few subordinates

Term
humanistic theory
Definition
organizational success in terms of employee motivation and the interpersonal relationships that emerge within the organization, due to the relationship between supervisor and subordinate
Term

self-fulfilling prophecy

 

(of theory x & y)

Definition

employees learn to behave according to managerial expectations over time

 

self-fulfililng theory x cycle:

  • management assumes the worst of employees -->
  • management treats employees with rigid control and without respect -->
  • employees respond negatively to shoddy treatment -->
  • employees become what management assumed they were and act in acordance with those originally inaccurate assumptions
Term
open-system theory
Definition

organizations develop and change over time as a result of internal and external forces

acts like a computer

 

three elements:

1. negative entropy

2. information input

3. equifinality

Term

equifinality


(of open-system theory)

Definition

there is more than one way to meet a desired state

 

reflects the human element in organizations, providing more flexibility, and allowing for more creativity in their development and operations

Term
organizational development (OD)
Definition
a planned, organization-wide effort to increase organizational effectiveness through behavioral science knowledge and technology
Term
three elements of the organizational change process:
Definition
  1. change agent - "intervenionist" - the individual who instigates the change process in an organization
    • diagnoses and clarifies organizational problems
  2. client - the recipient of the organizational change effort in an organization
    • must be involved in the change process
  3. intervention - the program or initiative that is suggested or implemented by the change agent
    • sequenced activities to help organizations
Term
Lewin's Change Model
Definition

change happens when forces operating to keep things stable lose out 

three stages:

  1. unfreezing forces maintaining the status quo are broken down and th e system is opened up for change
  2. movingreal organizational change begins to happen as reflected in the new attitudes, values, and behaviors that resulted from the intervention
  3. refreezingthe changes implemented become stabilized and the organization reaches a new level of equilibrium
Term
"Effective interventions can be described as those that...
Definition
...fit the needs of the organization."
Term
team building
Definition

a technique used by organizations to develop teams or to enhance the effectiveness of existing teams

ex. sports teams

 

focus may be on:

  • clarifying role expectations and responsibility
  • improving problem solving/decision making
  • reducing conflict
  • building cohesion and unity within the team
Term

Total Quality Management (TQM)

 

AKA:

"continuous improvement" or "quality management"

Definition

an initiative that focuses on employee involvement in the control of quality in organizations

stages:

  1. gain support of top management
  2. employees trained on quality methods such as statististical process control - technique proposed by Deming that focuses on identifying problems reflective of a low-quality product or service
  3. implementation of TQM processes
  4. check and compare results
  5. link rewards to meeting process goals of intervention
Term
gainsharing
Definition

paying employees a bonus based on improvements in productivity

 

centered on participation and justice

 

basic premise is the link between "pay and performance"

 

25% of american organizations use gainsharing programs

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