Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Ch 9 Language and Thought
Psych 201
25
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/10/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Thinking
Definition
A process that involves knowing, understanding and remembering
Term
Well-Defined Problem
Definition
Goal and staring point are clear; know when it's been solved
Term
Ill-Defined Problem
Definition
Goal and starting point are unclear; hard to know when goal is reached; ex. happy life?
Term
Algorithms
Definition
Methodical, logical rules, or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem
Term
Heuristic
Definition
Chooses which problem space to look at and which to ignore; allow us to make judgement; less time consuming but more prone to error than algorithms
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
A tendency to think only of the familiar functions of an object; ex. two string problem
Term
Mental Set
Definition
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way- especially is it was successful in the past
Term
The "Aha!" Moment
Definition
Insight- the processes by which the solution seems to magically pop into mind; tends to be sudden; brain imaging suggests the right temporal cortex is activated
Term
What causes "Insight?"
Definition
A mystery- difficult to recreate and study in a laboratory
Term
Decision Making
Definition
Choosing among alternatives; humans do not choose the optimal answers because we tend to make decisions based on intuition rather than systematic reasoning
Term
Bounded Rationality
Definition
Using available info and available cognitive resources (prior information) to make a decision that is "good enough"; often fails- subject to many decision bias
Term
Cognitive Overload
Definition
Causes human decision-making to not be optimal
Term
Availability (Bias)
Definition
Estimating frequencies of events based on the ease with which instances can be retrieve from memory; use "rule of thumb"; ex. Tornado vs Asthma Death
Term
Representativeness (Bias)
Definition
An estimate of the likelihood of an event based on the event's representativeness; how similar the event is to the population it came from; whether the event is similar to the process that produce it; Gambler's Fallacy
Term
Gambler's Fallacy
Definition
The belief that if an event has not happened in a long time, it is more likely to happen soon ("equal out")
Term
Framing Effects
Definition
Decisions may be significantly affected depending upon how an issue is framed- the way a question is worded will affect your answer; framing can lead to irrational choices
Term
Loss Aversive
Definition
People tend to be loss aversive- don't want to lose anything
Term
Anchoring
Definition
Judgements are strongly influences by referene point provided; people use reference points as an anchor and then adjust up or down; happens even when told the numbers given are random
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
A tendency to consistently exaggerate what could have been anticipated in foresight- "I knew it!"; Why?- when you look back you only see the events consistent with the outcome
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements; most people are more confident than is warranted
Term
Why does overconfidence occur?
Definition
Tendency to think of confirming examples rather than disconfirming examples; lack of proper feedback; we often advise people to "be confident" even when people are already overconfident
Term
Why can't people detect their own competence?
Definition
Thee skills used to detect competence are the same one that cause competence; incompetent people lack the skills to detect their own incompetence and the competence of others
Term
Confidence vs Competence
Definition
Weak relationship, even negative; more confidence does not mean more competence
Term
Beleif Persistence
Definition
A tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence; people tend to try to find reasons why beliefs could still be true, even with contradictory evidence
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