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CH 08
Summary
24
Psychology
Graduate
03/04/2015

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
repeated measurement
Definition
The reversal tactic (A-B-A) entails _____ of behavior in a given setting during three consecutive phases:
(a) a baseline phase (absence of independent variable)
(b) a treatment phase (introduction of the independent variable), and
(c) a return to baseline conditions (withdrawal of the independent variable).
Term
strengthened tremendously
Definition
The reversal design is _____ by reintroducing the independent variable in the form of an A-B-A-B design.
Term
A-B-A-B design
Definition
The ____ is the most straightforward and generally most powerful intra-subject design for demonstrating functional relations.
Term
only one
Definition
Extending the A-B-A-B design with repeated reversals may provide a more convincing demonstration of a functional relation than a design with _____ reversal.
Term
B-A-B
Definition
The _____ reversal design can be used with target populations for which an initial baseline phase is inappropriate or not possible for ethical or practical reasons.
Term
experimental conditions
Definition
Multiple treatment reversal designs use the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more _____ to baseline and/or to one another.
Term
confounding by sequence effects
Definition
Multiple treatment reversal designs are particularly susceptible to _____.
Term
contingent
Definition
The NCR reversal technique enables the isolation and analysis of the ____ aspect of reinforcement.
Term
DRO and DRI/DRA
Definition
Reversal techniques incorporating _____ control conditions can also be used to demonstrate the effects of contingent reinforcement.
Term
cannot be withdrawn
Definition
An experimental design based on the reversal tactic is ineffective in evaluating the effects of a treatment variable that, by its very nature, _____ once it has been presented (e.g., instruction, modeling).
Term
irreversibility
Definition
Once improved, some behaviors will not reverse to baseline levels even though the independent variable has been withdrawn. Such behavioral _____ prevents effective use of the reversal design.
Term
scientific verification
Definition
Legitimate social, educational, and ethical concerns are often raised over withdrawing a seemingly effective treatment variable to provide _____ of its function in changing behavior.
Term
experimental control
Definition
Sometimes very brief reversal phases, or even on-session baseline probes, can demonstrate believable experimental control.
Term
distinct treatments
Definition
The alternating treatments design compares two or more _____ (i.e., independent variables) while their effects on the target behavior (i.e, dependent variable) are measured.
Term
Three roles data points play in alternating treatment designs
Definition
(a) provide a basis for the prediction of future levels of responding under that treatment
(b) provide potential verification of the previous prediction of performance under that treatment,
(c) provide the opportunity for replication of previous effects produced by that treatment.
Term
little or no overlap
Definition
Experimental control is demonstrated in the alternating treatments design when the data paths for two different treatments show _____.
Term
vertical distance
Definition
The extent of any differential effects produced by two treatments is determined by the ____ between their respective data paths and quantified by the vertical axis scale.
Term
Variations of the alternating treatments design
Definition
- Single-phase alternating treatments design without a no-treatment control condition
- Single-phase design with a no-treatment control condition
- Two-phase design: initial baseline phase followed by the alternating treatments phase
- Three-phase design: initial baseline phase followed by the alternating treatments phase and a final best treatment phase.
Term
Advantages of the alternating treatments design:
Definition
- Does not require treatment withdrawal
- Quickly compares the relative effectiveness of treatments
- Minimizes the problem of irreversibility
- Minimizes sequence effects
- Can be used with unstable data patterns
- Can be used to assess generalization of effects
- Intervention can begin immediately
Term
multiple treatment interference
Definition
The alternating treatments design is susceptible to _____. However, by following the alternating treatments phase with a phase in which only one treatment is administered, the experimenter can assess the effects of that treatment in isolation.
Term
rapid back-and-forth switching
Definition
The _____ of treatments does not reflect the typical manner in which interventions are applied and may be viewed as artificial and undesirable.
Term
four
Definition
An alternating treatments phase is usually limited to a maximum of four different treatment conditions.
Term
differential effects
Definition
The alternating treatments design is most effective in revealing the _____ effects of treatment conditions that differ significantly from one another.
Term
not effective
Definition
The alternating treatments design is _____ for assessing the effects of an independent variable that produces important changes in behavior only when it is consistently administered over a continuous period of time.
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