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Ch 8 Project Quality Management
Unix The Textbook 2nd Edition
62
Management
Undergraduate 2
11/24/2014

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Term
5 whys
Definition
A technique in which you repeatedly ask the question “Why?” to help peel away the layers of symptoms that can lead to the root cause of a problem.
Term
Acceptance decisions
Definition
Decisions that determine if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected.
Term
Appraisal cost
Definition
The cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range.
Term
Benchmarking
Definition
A technique used to generate ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.
Term
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)
Definition
A process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective processes.
Term
Cause-and-effect diagram
Definition
A diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations to help find the root cause
Term
Checksheet
Definition
A technique used to collect and analyze data; sometimes called a tally sheet or checklist.
Term
Conformance
Definition
Delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use.
Term
Conformance to requirements
Definition
Project processes and products that meet written specifications.
Term
Control chart
Definition
A graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.
Term
Cost of nonconformance
Definition
Taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations.
Term
Cost of quality
Definition
The cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance.
Term
Defect
Definition
Any instance in which the product or service fails to meet customer requirements.
Term
Design of experiments
Definition
A quality technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.
Term
DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control)
Definition
A systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement that is scientific and fact based.
Term
External failure cost
Definition
A cost related to all errors that are not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer.
Term
Features
Definition
The special characteristics that appeal to users.
Term
Fishbone diagram
Definition
A diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations to help find the root cause
Term
Fitness for use
Definition
A product that can be used as it was intended.
Term
Flowchart
Definition
A graphic display of the logic and flow of processes that helps you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved. A diagram that shows how various elements of a system relate to each other.
Term
Functionality
Definition
The degree to which a system performs its intended function.
Term
Histogram
Definition
A bar graph of a distribution of variables.
Term
Integration testing
Definition
Testing that occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components and ensure that a subset or subsets of the entire system work together.
Term
Internal failure cost
Definition
A cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product
Term
Ishikawa diagram
Definition
A diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations to help find the root cause
Term
ISO 9000
Definition
A quality system standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that includes a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization.
Term
Kaizen
Definition
The Japanese word for improvement or change for the better; an approach used for continuously improving quality in organizations.
Term
Lean
Definition
An approach for improving quality that involves evaluating processes to maximize customer value while minimizing waste.
Term
Maintainability
Definition
The ease of performing maintenance on a product.
Term
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
Definition
An award started in 1987 to recognize companies that have achieved a level of world-class competition through quality management.
Term
Maturity model
Definition
A framework for helping organizations improve their processes and systems.
Term
Mean
Definition
The average value of a population.
Term
Measurement and test equipment costs
Definition
The capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities.
Term
Metric
Definition
A standard of measurement.
Term
Pareto analysis
Definition
Identifying the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system
Term
Pareto chart
Definition
A histogram that helps identify and prioritize problem areas.
Term
Performance
Definition
How well a product or service performs the customer’s intended use.
Term
Prevention cost
Definition
The cost of planning and executing a project so that it is error-free or within an acceptable error range.
Term
Process adjustments
Definition
Adjustments made to correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements.
Term
Project quality management
Definition
Ensuring that a project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken
Term
Quality
Definition
The totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs or the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements.
Term
Quality assurance
Definition
Periodic evaluation of overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.
Term
Quality audit
Definition
A structured review of specific quality management activities that helps identify lessons learned and that can improve performance on current or future projects.
Term
Quality circles
Definition
Groups of non-supervisors and work leaders in a single company department who volunteer to conduct group studies on how to improve the effectiveness of work in their department.
Term
Quality control
Definition
Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards and identifying ways to improve overall quality.
Term
Reliability
Definition
The ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.
Term
Rework
Definition
Action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements, specifications, or other stakeholder expectations
Term
Robust Design methods
Definition
Methods that focus on eliminating defects by substituting scientific inquiry for trial-and-error methods.
Term
Run chart
Definition
A chart that displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time.
Term
Scatter diagram
Definition
A diagram that helps to show if there is a relationship between two variables; sometimes called XY charts.
Term
Seven run rule
Definition
If seven data points in a row on a quality control chart are all below the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for nonrandom problems.
Term
Six 9s of quality
Definition
A measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities.
Term
Six Sigma
Definition
A comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success that is uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes.
Term
Software defect
Definition
Anything that must be changed before delivery of the program
Term
Software Quality Function Deployment (SQFD) mode
Definition
A maturity model that focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects.
Term
Standard deviation
Definition
A measure of how much variation exists in a distribution of data.
Term
Statistical sampling
Definition
Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
Term
System outputs
Definition
The screens and reports the system generates.
Term
System testing
Definition
Testing the entire system as one entity to ensure that it is working properly.
Term
Unit test
Definition
A test of each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
Term
User acceptance testing
Definition
An independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system.
Term
Yield
Definition
The number of units handled correctly through the development process.
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